Journal of International Relations and Social Dynamics
Journal of International Relations and Social Dynamics (JIRSD) ISSN P (3006-2438) is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and scholarly research in the fields of international relations, political science, sociology, and interdisciplinary studies that explore the evolving dynamics of global society. The journal provides a platform for the exchange of ideas, theories, and empirical research that address key issues such as diplomacy, conflict resolution, global governance, development studies, migration, cultural interactions, and social change. It aims to foster critical thinking and policy-oriented dialogue among scholars, practitioners, and decision-makers. JIRSD welcomes submissions from academics, researchers, and professionals worldwide, and is committed to publishing innovative and impactful work that contributes to the understanding of complex international and social phenomena.
Intergenerational Mobility in Pakistan: Evidence from PSLM Data on Income, Education, and Socioeconomic Disparities
This study investigates the patterns and determinants of intergenerational mobility in Pakistan, focusing on income, education, gender, and regional disparities. Using nationally representative data from multiple waves of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM), intergenerational income elasticity and mobility across quintiles were estimated. The results indicate moderate intergenerational persistence, with an estimated income elasticity of 0.41, suggesting that parental socioeconomic status significantly shapes children’s income outcomes. Upward mobility is more prevalent among urban households, higher-income families, and children of educated parents, while rural households and female children face structural barriers. Intertemporal analysis shows a modest improvement in mobility over the past decade, reflecting gradual social and economic development. The findings highlight the critical role of education as a channel for upward mobility and underscore persistent inequalities in opportunity across regions, gender, and socioeconomic classes. Policy implications include expanding access to quality education, addressing gender disparities, and reducing regional inequalities to enhance social mobility in Pakistan.
Cultural Narratives, Social Norms, and Mental Health Stigma in Peshawar, Pakistan: Implications for Help-Seeking Behavior
Mental health stigma remains one of the most critical barriers to psychiatric care worldwide, particularly in conservative cultural contexts. This study examines the relationship between cultural narratives, social norms, and mental health stigma in Peshawar, Pakistan, with a specific focus on how these factors influence help-seeking behavior. Drawing on survey data from emerging adults (ages 18–29), the study employed descriptive statistics, regression analyses, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate these dynamics. Results reveal that cultural narratives rooted in supernatural and religious explanations, as well as rigid social norms influenced by Pashtunwali, significantly predict stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness. Gender disparities were evident, with men exhibiting higher levels of stigma and lower rates of help-seeking than women. Correlation and regression analyses underscored the mitigating role of mental health knowledge, which was negatively associated with stigma and positively linked to help-seeking behaviors. The SEM framework further highlighted stigma as a mediating mechanism between cultural/social constructs and psychiatric service utilization. These findings underscore the urgent need for culturally sensitive interventions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, particularly those that engage families, communities, and religious leaders in reframing mental illness as a treatable health condition. The study contributes to global debates on mental health by emphasizing the role of local cultural contexts in shaping stigma and advancing tailored approaches to improve access to care in low- and middle-income countries.
Community Resilience to Floods in Southeast Asia: A Socio-Ecological Analysis of Determinants, Patterns, and Policy Implications
Floods remain one of the most frequent and destructive natural hazards in Southeast Asia, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. This study examines the determinants and dimensions of community resilience in flood-prone regions of Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, using a mixed-methods approach combining household surveys (n = 1,200), secondary disaster records, and regression analysis. Results reveal significant disparities in resilience across countries. Malaysia exhibited the strongest performance in social and institutional resilience, while the Philippines scored the lowest across economic and environmental domains. Regression findings identified flood exposure as the strongest negative determinant of resilience, whereas education, social networks, and institutional support emerged as critical positive predictors. The study highlights the multidimensional nature of resilience, spanning social, economic, institutional, and environmental dimensions, and underscores the need for integrated strategies that address structural vulnerabilities while enhancing community-based capacities. By situating the findings within broader debates on resilience measurement, the paper provides evidence-based insights to inform disaster preparedness, governance reforms, and adaptive capacity-building in Southeast Asia.
Associational Membership as a Compensatory Resource: Political Participation Among Unemployed Youth in Lahore, Pakistan
Youth unemployment has been widely recognized as a barrier to political participation, as joblessness limits access to social networks, civic skills, and information channels essential for engagement. This study investigates the role of associational membership as a compensatory resource that mitigates the negative effects of unemployment on political participation among youth in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected through a structured survey of 400 unemployed individuals aged 18–29 and analyzed using multiple regression and interaction analyses. Findings indicate that prolonged unemployment is associated with reduced political participation; however, youth involved in political, civic, or religious/social associations demonstrate higher engagement, even under adverse employment conditions. Education further amplifies this effect, highlighting the interaction between human and social capital. These results underscore the importance of promoting youth involvement in associations to foster resilience and active citizenship, particularly in contexts characterized by high unemployment and limited welfare support. The study contributes to the literature by extending the compensatory resource framework to a South Asian context and provides actionable insights for policymakers and civil society actors seeking to enhance youth political engagement.
Digital Authoritarianism in Hybrid Regimes: Comparative Insights from Turkey, Hungary, and India
The rapid proliferation of digital technologies has reshaped the global political landscape, offering both avenues for civic engagement and tools for authoritarian control. This study examines the dynamics of digital authoritarianism in hybrid regimes, focusing on Turkey, Hungary, and India, where democratic institutions coexist with pervasive authoritarian practices. Employing a qualitative comparative framework, the research integrates case study analysis, thematic coding, and discourse analysis of legal documents, policy reports, and media content. Findings reveal three convergent mechanisms underpinning digital repression: legal weaponization, securitization of dissent, and media capture. While Turkey relies on overt censorship and prosecutions, Hungary emphasizes covert surveillance and media consolidation, and India exhibits extensive internet shutdowns coupled with biometric monitoring. Quantitative indicators, including Freedom on the Net scores, internet shutdown data, and media-trust metrics, demonstrate significant erosion of democratic freedoms and civic engagement between 2018 and 2022. The study underscores the socio-psychological and economic consequences of digital authoritarianism and highlights the strategies through which hybrid regimes maintain electoral legitimacy while systematically undermining democracy. These insights contribute to theoretical and policy debates on authoritarian resilience in digitally mediated political systems.
Gender-Based Violence in Pakistan: Prevalence, Determinants, and Institutional Responses
Gender-based violence (GBV) remains one of the most pervasive human rights challenges in Pakistan, yet its prevalence, socio-economic drivers, and institutional responses remain inadequately documented. This study investigates the manifestations, predictors, and consequences of GBV by integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence. Survey data collected from 1,200 women across four provinces revealed that 71.4% had experienced at least one form of violence, with physical violence (44.2%) and psychological abuse (39.8%) most prevalent, followed by economic violence (27.6%) and digital harassment (21.3%). Regression analysis demonstrated that lack of education, poverty, and early marriage significantly increased the risk of violence, while urban–rural comparisons highlighted differing patterns, with higher rates of physical and economic abuse in rural areas and digital harassment in urban contexts. Despite widespread prevalence, only 22.4% of survivors reported cases to formal institutions, with conviction rates falling below 5%. Qualitative interviews underscored barriers such as fear of retaliation, social stigma, and reliance on jirgas for dispute resolution. Mental health consequences were also pronounced, with nearly half of survivors reporting anxiety and over one-third reporting depression. Although civil society organizations provided relatively more accessible support than state institutions, their outreach and resources remained limited. The findings underscore that while legislative progress has been made, implementation remains weak, leaving survivors trapped in cycles of violence and impunity. This study highlights the urgent need for integrated responses that combine robust law enforcement, survivor-centered psychosocial services, digital rights protections, and structural interventions aimed at education, poverty alleviation, and cultural transformation.
Algorithmic Influence of Social Media Platforms on Public Opinion and Economic Decisions in the Digital Age
The rapid evolution of social media has fundamentally reshaped the way individuals consume information, interact, and make decisions, with algorithm-driven platforms playing a central role in shaping public opinion and influencing economic choices. This study investigates the interplay between social media algorithms, public discourse, and consumer decision-making by analyzing both qualitative insights and quantitative trends from contemporary research. Results indicate that algorithmic curation fosters selective exposure, filter bubbles, and echo chambers, thereby shaping public opinion and polarizing online communities. At the same time, social media serves as a powerful driver of economic behavior, influencing consumer preferences, purchasing intentions, and market dynamics through targeted advertising and influencer-driven content. While platforms democratize information access and create opportunities for engagement, the increasing opacity and manipulation of algorithmic systems raise concerns over accountability, transparency, and user autonomy. This paper contributes to the literature by offering a multidimensional perspective on how digital platforms simultaneously empower and constrain individuals, highlighting the necessity of regulatory frameworks, media literacy initiatives, and cross-disciplinary approaches to address the societal and economic challenges posed by algorithmic governance.
The Role of Government Trust, Professional Trust, and Digital Engagement in Public Health Compliance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic
This study investigates the relationship between government trust, professional trust, and public compliance behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic, while examining the moderating roles of digital engagement and economic inequality. Drawing on survey data collected from a representative sample of citizens, we employ a structural equation modeling approach to analyze both direct and indirect effects. The results reveal that higher government trust positively influences compliance behaviour, with professional trust partially mediating this relationship. Digital engagement strengthens the effect of government trust on compliance, whereas perceived economic inequality weakens it. These findings underscore the importance of fostering institutional trust, promoting professional credibility, and leveraging digital platforms to enhance policy adherence. From a policy perspective, interventions aimed at reducing inequality and improving transparency through e-government services may increase compliance, particularly among vulnerable populations. The study contributes to the literature on trust, digital governance, and public health behaviour by highlighting the complex interplay between socio-economic, technological, and institutional factors in shaping citizen compliance during crises.
Education and Women’s Empowerment in Pakistan: Exploring Autonomy, Mobility, and Economic Participation
Education is widely recognized as a critical driver of women’s empowerment, yet in many parts of Pakistan, socio-cultural constraints and structural barriers limit its effectiveness. This study investigates the relationship between women’s educational attainment and empowerment outcomes, focusing on decision-making autonomy, mobility, and economic participation. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 450 women across urban and rural areas through structured surveys and in-depth interviews. Results indicate a strong positive association between higher educational levels and empowerment scores. Women with university-level education reported greater autonomy, freedom of movement, and participation in economic activities compared to less educated women. However, qualitative findings reveal that cultural norms, family expectations, and rural residence often mediate the translation of education into practical empowerment. The study highlights significant urban–rural disparities and emphasizes that education, while necessary, is insufficient alone to achieve full empowerment. Policy implications include promoting female education alongside social and economic interventions to remove structural barriers, thereby enabling women to exercise agency and participate fully in society.
Influence of Urban Microclimates and Green Spaces on Social Isolation: Evidence from High-Density Urban Neighborhoods
Urban microclimates, particularly urban heat islands (UHIs), can significantly influence residents’ outdoor activity patterns and social interactions, contributing to social isolation. This study investigates the relationship between localized urban temperatures, shaded areas, and social isolation among 450 residents in [City Name]. A cross-sectional survey captured social isolation levels and outdoor activity, while Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and satellite imagery assessed vegetation cover, shaded areas, and land surface temperatures. Results indicate that high-UHI neighborhoods exhibit elevated temperatures (M = 37.8°C) and higher social isolation scores (M = 18.7), with residents reporting reduced frequency of outdoor social interactions (1.7 days/week). Conversely, neighborhoods with abundant shaded areas and green spaces showed lower social isolation (M = 11.8) and increased outdoor activity (4.5 days/week). Regression analyses demonstrated that both UHI intensity and shaded area availability significantly predicted social isolation (Adjusted R² = 0.48, p < 0.001), with green infrastructure mitigating the adverse effects of heat. Subgroup analyses highlighted that older adults and women were particularly vulnerable in high-UHI, low-green neighborhoods. These findings underscore the importance of integrating green spaces and shade into urban design to enhance social well-being, foster community interactions, and create more resilient urban environments. The study provides actionable insights for urban planners, policymakers, and public health practitioners aiming to improve the livability of dense urban areas.
Digital Authoritarianism and Civil Society in South Asia: Contagion Effects, Governance Contradictions, and the Struggle for Digital Rights (2018–2022
This study critically examines the manifestations and drivers of digital authoritarianism in South Asia between 2018 and 2022, with a focus on the interplay between state-led governance frameworks and civil society-led advocacy for digital rights. Drawing on policy documents, civil society reports, and secondary datasets, the research identifies three major dynamics shaping the regional digital landscape: the institutionalization of internet shutdowns as governance tools, the persistent misalignment between government priorities and civil society demands, and the influence of transnational contagion effects such as the Brussels Effect and Delhi Effect. Results show that South Asia recorded nearly 400 internet shutdowns during the study period, with India accounting for the vast majority, underscoring the securitization of digital governance. Content analysis reveals that while governments prioritize national security and sovereignty, civil society organizations emphasize freedom of expression, inclusivity, and accountability. Moreover, the diffusion of global and regional models demonstrates how GDPR-inspired frameworks and India’s regulatory exports shape local legislation, often in restrictive ways. The findings highlight a paradoxical governance environment where rhetorical alignment with global norms coexists with repressive domestic practices, producing fragmented and contradictory digital governance outcomes. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for inclusive, rights-based governance frameworks and stronger institutional mechanisms for civil society participation in digital policymaking.
Unveiling Social Media Trends in Pakistan: A Yearlong Analysis of Platform Engagement and User Behavior
This from November 2022 to November 2023, focusing on major platforms like research explores the evolving dynamics of social media engagement in Pakistan. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram, as well as niche platforms such as Pinterest, LinkedIn, Reddit, and VKontakte. Utilizing data from Statcounter Global Stats, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of engagement trends across these platforms. Key findings reveal a gradual decline in Facebook engagement, significant fluctuations in Twitter activity, a surge in YouTube usage, and varied engagement levels on Instagram. The research highlights the implications of these trends for digital marketers, businesses, and content creators, emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies that align with shifting user preferences and emerging content trends. The insights gained from this analysis offer valuable guidance for optimizing social media strategies and navigating the complex digital landscape in Pakistan.
Demographic and Economic Determinants of Educational Equity: A Study on Numeracy and Science Proficiency Across Pakistan's Provinces
This skills of students across different provinces in Pakistan, with a particular focus on study explores the impact of demographic and economic factors on the numeracy understanding regional disparities and educational equity. The investigation involved a comprehensive survey administered to Grade 4 and Grade 8 students, assessing their mathematical and scientific proficiency alongside demographic data. The findings reveal significant regional disparities in student performance, with Punjab consistently outperforming other provinces, particularly Balochistan and KP & NMD, which exhibit notably lower scores. The results show that Grade 4 students nationally answered 49% of mathematics items correctly, while Grade 8 students demonstrated a decline, with only 41.6% correct responses. This decline suggests increasing challenges in numeracy as students’ progress through their education. In science, Grade 8 students performed better overall, with an average score of 51.3%, indicating that science education may be more engaging or effectively taught compared to mathematics. The study underscores the influence of socio-economic status (SES) on academic performance, with students from lower SES backgrounds generally performing worse than their peers. Factors such as parental education, family income, and regional educational resources play a critical role in shaping students' numeracy skills. The research highlights the need for targeted interventions to address educational inequities, particularly in underperforming regions like Balochistan and KP & NMD. Recommendations include improving resource allocation, enhancing teacher training, and providing additional support to students from disadvantaged backgrounds to ensure equitable educational outcomes across Pakistan.
Understanding Gender-Based Challenges in Agricultural Innovation Adoption in Pakistan
This study investigates the impact of gender roles on the adoption of agricultural innovations in Pakistan, particularly focusing on rice farming. The research highlights the significance of gender-sensitive approaches in enhancing agricultural practices and performance. A predominantly male-headed household structure (90.2%) reflects traditional gender norms, which influence the adoption and implementation of new farming techniques. Women, primarily engaged in household work (69.1%) and limited agricultural activities (30.1%), face substantial barriers due to socio-economic and cultural factors, including restricted access to resources and technical knowledge.Educational disparities are notable, with high illiteracy rates among both men (92%) and women (96.2%) over 17 years old, and lower literacy levels in young children, particularly girls. These educational gaps exacerbate existing economic inequalities and hinder the adoption of innovative practices. Women’s involvement in income-generating activities is predominantly restricted to household work and limited agricultural labor, highlighting the need for expanded economic opportunities and access to alternative livelihoods.The study underscores the impact of traditional gender roles on labor division and innovation adoption. Children’s early involvement in agricultural and household tasks further illustrates the socio-economic pressures faced by rural families, affecting their educational opportunities and perpetuating poverty. The findings advocate for targeted interventions to address educational and economic inequalities, reduce child labor, and promote gender-sensitive agricultural innovations to enhance socio-economic development in rural communities.
Beyond Observable Impact: Unveiling Cognitive Processes in Media Influence
This to change their beliefs or behaviors in response to messages, and the limitations of study delves into the cognitive processes involved in how individuals are persuaded traditional impact analysis. Traditional impact models often focus on observable outcomes and external signs of influence, but they fail to capture the complexity of internal cognitive processes. By integrating insights from influential researchers like Herta Herzog, Marshall McLuhan, Michel de Certeau, and Roland Barthes, this research aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of influence. Herzog’s work emphasizes the psychological gratifications and self-reflective processes that accompany media consumption, while McLuhan's medio logical perspective highlights how media reshape consciousness and identity. De Certeau’s concept of "repertoire" underscores the indirect and often subtle effects of media, which may not be immediately apparent but manifest over time. Barthes’ readerresponse theory suggests that individuals actively reconstruct and interpret texts, influencing their personal meaning-making. Additionally, the evolution of digital platforms and the role of influencers are examined, showing how these new media forms shape communication and influence in ways distinct from traditional models. Influencers utilize platform-specific vernaculars and engagement strategies to connect with audiences, reflecting a shift from centralized media control to a more distributed and interactive model of content creation. This study calls for a more inclusive approach to influence analysis, one that integrates psychological, sociological, and medio logical perspectives to better understand the complex interplay between media messages and individual cognitive processes.
Honor Killings in Pakistan: A Case Study of North Nazimabad, Karachi, and a Nationwide Analysis (2018-2022)
This study examines the persistent issue of honor killings in Pakistan, focusing on a case study in North Nazimabad, Karachi, and analyzing broader trends across the country from 2018 to 2022. The research investigates the socio-cultural, legal, and economic factors contributing to these crimes, with particular emphasis on the influence of tribal customs, financial disputes, and the role of traditional assemblies like Jirgas. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with stakeholders, observations, and a review of existing reports and literature. Thematic and comparative analyses were conducted to identify patterns and regional differences in honor killings, highlighting the significant gender disparity among victims. Findings reveal that despite legal frameworks, cultural practices continue to legitimize and perpetuate violence, underscoring the need for targeted interventions and reforms to address the root causes of honor killings in Pakistan. The study also explores the challenges in law enforcement and the impact of societal norms on the judicial system's response to such crimes, calling for enhanced training, awareness, and a more consistent application of the law.
Navigating Digital Sexual Violence and Harassment (DSVH) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Scope, Impact, and Coping Strategies
DIgital Sexual Violence and Harassment (DSVH) is a pervasive global issue, particularly impacting Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) due to the rapid expansion of technology. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of DSVH, focusing on its prevalence, impact on victims, and coping mechanisms in LMICs. The literature review highlights the wide range of definitions and categories of DSVH, including online sexual harassment, image-based abuse, coercion, and monitoring using digital technology. Perpetrators utilize various platforms such as social media, messaging apps, and websites to carry out DSVH, with motivations ranging from financial gain to maintaining patriarchal power structures. Results from the study reveal the diverse impacts of DSVH on victim-survivors, including psychological trauma, social isolation, reputational harm, financial repercussions, and physical injuries. Victim-survivors employ coping mechanisms such as self-censorship, seeking support from family and friends, and engaging indirect actions like blocking perpetrators. The study underscores the urgent need for effective interventions and policies to address DSVH in LMICs, ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals vulnerable to digital sexual violence and harassment.
Digital Sexual Violence and Harassment (DSVH)
Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
An investigation into the dynamics of Pakhtunwali: An analysis of conflicts among the Afridi Tribe
This study examines the influence of Pakhtunwali on the development of internal conflicts within the Afridi tribe in Kohat. The study employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, where participants are chosen via stratified random sampling. Data is gathered through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and questionnaires. The findings demonstrate the importance of Pakhtunwali in shaping societal norms and resolving conflicts, as well as the many viewpoints on morality and retribution. Suggested measures encompass cultural conservation, legislative restructuring, and active involvement of the community to tackle present-day difficulties. The study places a high priority on ethical considerations. The research provides valuable insights into the development of effective conflict resolution and peacebuilding tactics within the Afridi tribe and other similar communities.
Understanding Academic Procrastination Among University and College Students Gender and Educational Degree Perspectives
This study examines the phenomenon of academic procrastination among university and college students in Lahore. It specifically explores the trends and differences related to gender and educational degrees. Quantitative investigation shows that both male and female students demonstrate inclinations to procrastinate, with females displaying slightly higher scores in procrastination. Statistical analyses reveal substantial gender discrepancies in degrees of procrastination. Subdividing the data based on educational degree provides more clarity on the differences in procrastinating behaviors. These findings emphasize the significance of interventions that areresponsive to gender in order to reduce procrastinating tendencies and improve academic productivity among students in Lahore.
Enhancing Secondary Level Student’s Comprehension of Mathematical Ideas Through Pre-Lecture Exercises
This study examines the efficacy of integrating pre-lecture exercises to augment the comprehension of mathematical ideas among secondary level students. A quasi-experimental method was utilized, where 120 students were randomly allocated to either an experimental group that received pre-lecture assignments in addition to regular lectures, or a control group that only received traditional lectures. Pre-tests and post-tests were conducted to evaluate students' understanding before to and following the intervention. Statistical analyses, such as t-tests and ANOVA, were performed to compare the performance of both groups. Analyzedqualitative feedback regarding the effectiveness of pre-lecture assignments. The findings demonstrate a notable enhancement in students' understanding when they completed pre-lecture activities, as indicated by their higher results on the post-test in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, students expressed favorableexperiences with pre-lecture activities, emphasizingtheir efficacy in fostering active learning and conceptual comprehension. The results emphasizethe educational advantages of including pre-lecture assignments in mathematics instruction to improve students' learning outcomes and promote a more profound comprehension of mathematical ideas.
Effects of Sexual Harassment on Job Satisfaction and SelfEsteem in Nursing Students at Teaching Hospitals
Present study examined the impact of sexual harassment on self-esteem and job satisfactionamongin-trainingnurses off our teaching hospitals/medical institutesi.e.,the Faiz Memorial Hospital, Ibrahim Hospital, Niazi Medical Complex, and Fatima Hospital in Sargodha City. Convenient sampling for data collection was approved by the institutional review board. Participants were assured of their privacy and confidentiality and could choose not to answer any questions. Twenty of the sixty female respondents were members of the nursing staff, and 40 of the respondents were third-year bachelor's nursing program students.Data was collected from 60female in-training nurses throughthequestions that were designed to comply with the World Health Organization's ethical and safety guidelines for intervention research on violence against women.Study results hold significant importance for mental health and HRM professionals forupgrading and maintaining the smooth work environment in medical health profession by initiating and implementing sexual harassment training, policies, and procedures to provideasafe, healthy work environment for in-training nurses.
Analyzing Family Dynamics in Child Trafficking Perspectives from Pakistan
This study examines the elements that contribute to the frequency of child trafficking in different regions of Central Punjab, Pakistan. It specifically focuses on the socio-economic, cultural, parental, community, and legal influences on this illegal practice.By conducting semi-structured interviews with 40 households from various socio-economic backgrounds, geographical locations, and cultural settings, a thematic analysis uncovers prevalent themes including the effects on children, cultural factors, parentalrelationships, community assistance, methods and routes of trafficking, and legal and policy frameworks. The results highlight the immediate necessity for interventions that are culturally appropriate, legal safeguards that are strengthened, community engagement that is enhanced, programs for socio-economic empowerment, and cooperation across borders in order to effectively combat child trafficking in Central Punjab, Pakistan.
The Dynamics of Payout Policy, Institutional Growth, and Financial Liberalization in the Pakistani Market
This paper investigates the relationship between the process of financial liberalization, the growth of institutions, and the modifications in payout policy in the Pakistani market. We examine the effects of these factors on the dynamics of corporate funding through rigorous regression studies and correlation matrices. The findings indicate that there are favorable relationships between financial liberalization, institutional quality, and changes in payment policies in Pakistani enterprises. The study emphasizes the significance of robust institutional frameworks and proposes continuous reforms to improve regulatory settings. The supplied insights offer essential direction to stakeholders who are navigating the financial landscape of Pakistan. Additionally, ideas for future study are given to further enhance understanding and improve economic development.
The Impact of Television and Digital Media on Psychological Well-being
Tspecific emphasis on its impact on the psychological well -being of individuals who his study investigates the effects of television as a source of information, with a watch it, and find out the impacts of digital media on mental health. A convenience sample of 150 individuals, comprising both males and females, of different ages, was approached. An initial research was performed using an exploratory survey methodology to investigate the influence of media on its viewership. The results were achieved by the utilization of frequency counting, percentages, and content analysis methodologies. The results suggest that media content is having a negative impact by promoting violence, vulgarity, and chaos, while a smaller percentage of the participants, reported finding the media pleasurable. Moreover, the media has a deep influence on increasing stress and anxiety, affecting the mental and psychological well-being of its audience. Studies have established that media is exerting deleterious effects on the mental well-being of its audience
An analysis of early marriage in Pakhtun society: determinants, consequences, and interventions
Marriage is a ubiquitous social institution created to govern and oversee human existence. It is the sanctioned societal arrangement in which two or more individuals form a family. Nevertheless, marriages that take place through unnatural means or that infringe upon fundamental human rights give rise to significant social issues with complex ramifications. The present study examines the several factors and outcomes associated with early marriage in the Pakhtun society. The research was conducted in differentareas of Kohat Districtlocated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The researchers gathered primary datafrom a sample of 60 individuals, consisting of both males and females. The data was acquired through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. The data was then analyzed using SPSS software, utilizing frequency distribution and percentages.The analyses indicate that early marriage is prevalent as a result of low levels of education, deeply ingrained traditional social norms, and economic security measures. These factors have significant negative consequences in terms of social, physical, and mental well-being for both the individual, their family, and society as a whole. Parental education, government intervention, and media influence are suggested as effective measures to eradicate the detrimental effects of early marriages.
Exploring Body Esteem and Appearance Perception among Veiled and Unveiled Women
This study examines the ways in which cultural traditions, namely the wearing of veils, affect women's perceptions of their looks and their body image. Significant differences were found after data from 100 participants—equal numbers of veiled and unveiled participants—were analyzed. When compared to their counterparts who were not covered up, veiled women consistently showed higher levels of body esteem, appearance satisfaction, and appearance orientation. These results demonstrate how deeply cultural norms influence women's perceptions of themselves and emphasize the necessity for culturally responsive strategies to support positive body image in a variety of cultural contexts.
Emotional and social challenges experienced by Divorce and Non-Divorced/Married Women
This research article provides a comprehensive examination of the emotional and psychological well-being of women, with a specific focus on comparing the experiences of women who have gone through divorce to those who are married or have not experienced divorce. The study has across-sectional design, encompassing a sample of 150 women aged 30 to 45, evenly distributed across the divorced and married/non-divorced groups.Assessment tools included the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). According to the findings, divorced women were more likely than married women to suffer melancholy, anxiety, stress, loneliness, anxiety during social interactions, and high levels of mood, out, and overall anger. Additionally, a strong correlation between emotional and social issues in women was demonstrated by the results. Additional findings indicated that the social support of friends and significant others predicted women's feelings of depression and loneliness as well as stress and depression.
Exploring the Correlation between Maternal Depression and Behavioral Issues in Children
The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between maternal depression and the probability of behavioral problems and depression in children. A new instrument, called the Childhood Depression Scale, was created to evaluate mother depression. It consists of forty-three items that are divided into emotional, behavioral, motivational, cognitive, and physical subscales. The psychological well-being of the offspring was further examinedusing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which has five subscales with five items each. The dependability of the Childhood Depression Scale, as well as its subscales, was proven through meticulous analysis. Furthermore, the study established construct validity, more specifically convergent validity, by comparing the Childhood Depression Scale with the Child Problem Checklist (CPCL). This research provides vital insights into the intricate correlation between maternal depression and its possible influence on children's mental health, offering a complete methodological approach and dependable evaluation tools for future investigations in this critical field of study.
Exploring Academic Optimism Strategies: A Study on Teacher’s Perceptions of the Learning Environment
The objective of this study is to ascertain the academic optimism strategies employed by teachers and their perception levels of the learning environment in schools, as well as to investigate the correlation between these variables. The research sample, created using the relational model, comprises 176 teachers who were selected through the cluster sampling approach. The study utilized the "School Academic Optimism Scale". The data was assessed for normal distribution compliance, using t-tests and one-way ANOVA tests. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between the variables. Simple linear regression analysis was conducted, followed by multiple linear regression analysis, to investigate the impact of predictor variables on the predicted variable. Teachers prioritize academic emphasis and trust when it comes to academic optimism, whereas personal domination and team learning dimensions take precedence in their perception of learning school. An affirmative correlation was discovered between instructors' approaches to academic optimism and their perceptions of learning in school.
Studying Dyslexia and Cognitive Deficits in a Global Context to Investigate Learning Difficulties in Primary School Students
Dyslexia has been a concept for about 200 years, yet researchers, educators, and psychologists disagree over whether it actually exists. Word blindness was only one aspect of dyslexia; other specific learning difficulties that schoolchildren face now fall under this umbrella. Dyslexia primarily shows up as reading issues, but in certain kids, it also causes problems with writing and math, which causes a gap between aptitude and performance. The diagnosis of dyslexia has been a topic of discussion recently, especially in relation to third world countries. The purpose of the current study was to examine the range of specific learning obstacles among young primary school students. For the assessment, both group and individual settings were used. A total of 513 nine to eleven-year-old students, 296 boysand 217 girlsfrom ten different primary schools were assessed. an examination series designed specifically to assess the indicators of certain learning difficulties.Although a significantly larger range of cognitive deficits across three achievement levels was demonstrated by the data, they are inconsistent with a dyslexia diagnosis. The results were examined in the context of observations made in third-world nations, where dyslexia is similar to academic challenges.