International Journal of Agriculture and Sustainable Development
International Journal of Agriculture and Sustainable Development (ISSN 2618-1193) is an international peer-reviewed and "Open Access" HEC Recognized journal designed to explore advances in Agriculture. Researchers can submit their field observations and the results of laboratory experiments to IJASD within "Aims and Scopes" of the journal. The journal publishes issues quarterly. Rapid Publication: manuscripts are transparently reviewed by international and local reviewers and the first decision is communicated to authors within 10-15 Days. High Visibility: indexed in HEC, MDPI, REPEC and other database...... Recognition of Reviewers: Reviewers providing timely decisions and thorough peer-review reports are acknowledged with a discount in Article Processing Charges.
Bioactive Properties and Nutritional Value of Camel Milk: An Updated Overview
Traditionally sipped in dry areas, camel milk has been of interest from all around the world because of its unusual nutritional makeup and possible therapeutic benefits. This paper provides an overview of the dietary components as well as the health advantages linked to consuming camel milk. Protein, vitamins (especially the B and C vitamins), minerals (calcium, potassium, and magnesium), and important fatty acids are all abundant in camel milk. Moreover, it has bioactive substances that support its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory qualities, including lysozyme, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulin. Research indicates that camel milk might provide medical benefits for many illnesses, such as autism spectrum disorder, diabetes, heart disease, and gastrointestinal issues. Additionally, camel milk has been investigated as a potential replacement for milk from cows in cases of lactose intolerance or allergy to milk proteins. To completely evaluate its therapeutic potential and understand the processes underlying its health advantages, more research is necessary. All things considered, camel milk shows potential as a functional food with a variety of nutritional and therapeutic qualities, offering hope for both therapeutic and preventive uses in human health.
Screening of Cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) Through Pathological, Morphological and Fiber Quality Parameters
This study was conducted to evaluate genetic variability in diverse cotton genotypes under disease stress conditions, to find correlation between pathological, morphological and fiber quality parameters, and to identify potential sources of resistance and yield stability. A comprehensive analysis of genotypes for said characters revealed significant to highly significant differences across genotypes, indicating ample genetic diversity for selection. Highly significant MSS values were observed for DI (1650.4**) and DSI (1280.55**), reflecting pronounced variability in disease reaction and confirming the presence of both resistant and susceptible genotypes. Yield-related traits, including SCY (1200.65**) and LY (980.35*), also showed significant variation, demonstrating the influence of disease stress on productivity. Strong positive correlations were recorded among LY, SCY, GOT, and STR, suggesting that these yield and fiber traits are interdependent and can be jointly improved through selection. Conversely, negative correlations between disease indices (DI, DSI) and yield parameters emphasize the yield-reducing effect of disease infection. Fiber-related attributes such as FL, STR, and UI exhibited moderate to high positive associations, supporting their stability as selection criteria for quality improvement. The findings suggested that genotypes combining low DSI with high SCY, LY, and GOT are valuable candidates for developing resistant and high-yielding cultivars. Overall, the study highlighted the genetic potential within the evaluated germplasm and provides a foundation for future breeding strategies targeting disease resilience and enhanced fiber productivity in cotton.
Nutritional and Pharmacological Properties of Papaya Peel: A Comprehensive Review
Food waste is a significant problem with ecological, ethical, societal, and economic implications. The global papaya market is likely to grow significantly between 2022 and 2027, leading to an increase in organic and discarded leftovers like peels and seeds. Papaya is a profitable and nutritious fruit that is gaining acceptance in Pakistan. Papaya fruit pulp and its other parts, including leaves, peels, roots, and seeds, have nourishing and medicinal significance. The pulp of papaya fruit contains an abundance of vitamins and minerals, while many valuable bioactive compounds are available in fruit peels and seeds. These bioactive components have a vital role in pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer activity, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, and many more, which are due to the presence of some phytochemicals, including phenolic, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Additionally, the nutritive profile of papaya peel is under development because of its potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review paper targets to highlight the nutritional and pharmacological properties of papaya peel, with an emphasis on promoting sustainable waste management in practical applications.
Nutritional, Therapeutic and Food Industrial Aspects of Fennel Seeds (Foeniculum vulgare): A Comprehensive Review
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), a perennial aromatic herb belonging to the family Apiaceae, has been valued since ancient times for its medicinal, nutritional, and culinary properties. Originating from the Mediterranean region, fennel is now cultivated globally, particularly in India, Egypt, and Italy. It is rich in essential nutrients such as potassium, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and dietary fiber, which contribute to digestive health, metabolic balance, and cardiovascular support. Phytochemically, fennel seeds contain volatile compounds like anethole, fenchone, and estragole, along with phenolic acids and flavonoids, including quercetin and rosmarinic acid, that exhibit strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These bioactive constituents are responsible for fennel’s diverse therapeutic benefits, such as relieving gastrointestinal disorders, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating hormonal balance. Moreover, fennel has shown potential anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anticancer effects in various experimental studies. In traditional medicine, it is widely used to promote lactation, alleviate menstrual discomfort, and enhance memory. In the food industry, fennel seeds and their essential oils serve as natural flavoring agents in bakery items, confectionery, beverages, and spice blends. Additionally, fennel demonstrates environmental significance through its insecticidal and larvicidal activities, offering eco-friendly pest control alternatives. Due to its broad pharmacological and industrial applications, fennel remains a promising plant resource for functional foods, natural therapeutics, and agro-based innovations. Updates on F. vulgare, including its nutritional composition, traditional system use, pharmacological attributes, and significant potential as laborious cooking ingredients, were compiled in this chapter.
Design and Fabrication of an Automated Mini Portable Sprinkler System
This research addresses critical limitations in Pakistan's agricultural sector, where irrigation is essential to sustain productivity for major crops like wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and rice. Current irrigation systems are often inefficient, lack automation, fail to accurately gauge adequate water application, and require significant user input, manual operation, and technical expertise. To overcome these challenges, a novel automated and portable pivotal sprinkler irrigation system is presented. The system's core is controlled by an Arduino Nano microcontroller, enabling fully automated operation. A key feature is the integration of a Bluetooth module, allowing a user to wirelessly control the system's movement right, left, forward, and backward-via a mobile device, effectively eliminating the need for complex, manual water supply connections. The water application depth is made adjustable through interchangeable sprinkler nozzles. Designed to be portable and easily managed, the framework features a fixed central point and a long rotating arm that pivots with the assistance of a sham wheel. This work successfully develops a compact and automated center-pivot system, proving the concept using Arduino Nano. Beyond new installations, the customizable design of this automated system offers a viable solution to upgrade and retrofit existing spraying, drip, and traditional sprinkler irrigation machinery, enhancing efficiency and resolving existing operational constraints across diverse field environments.
Response of Turnip to Sowing Dates and Phosphorus Levels
The present experiment entitled “Response of turnip to sowing dates and phosphorus levels” was conducted during (2020-2021) at the Horticulture Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design with a split-plot arrangement having three replications. Different sowing date’s i.e., (1st, 15th, 30th October), were taken in the main plot while phosphorus levels, i.e., (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1), were taken in the sub plot. The data was observed on days to emergence, number of leaves, leaves weight, root length, root weight, root diameter, yield plot-1, and yield (tons ha-1). Sowing dates and phosphorus levels have significantly affected all the studied parameters. Maximum number of leaves plant-1 (13), leaves weight (172.8 g), root length (12.8 cm), root weight (206.1 g), root diameters (8.9 cm), yield plot-1 (9.4 kg), and yield (20.1 tons ha-1) with minimum days to emergence (4) were recorded in plants sown on 1st October. Highest number of leaves (14), leaves weight (177.9 g), root length (14 cm), root weight (213.6 g), root diameters (9.4 cm), highest yield plot-1 (10.1 kg) and yield (21.8 tons ha-1) with minimum days to emergence (5) were recorded in plants treated with phosphorus at 100 kg ha-1. The interaction between sowing dates and phosphorus levels was found to be non-significant. It is concluded that seed sown on (1st October) and phosphorus levels (100 kg ha-1) have significantly improved the growth and yield parameters of turnip and hence are recommended for turnip growers in Peshawar.
Effect of Different Methods of Phosphorus Application on Growth and Agronomic Traits of Wheat Under Arid and Semi- Arid Conditions of Bannu Division
The effect of different methods of Phosphorus application was tested on wheat for two seasons, Rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Agricultural Research Station Serai Naurang (Bannu) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Five methods of application such as application by broadcast method (MP1), application through mixing with seed at the time of sowing (MP2), placing by drill below the seed at the time of sowing (MP3), placing by drill on one side of the row of crop (MP4) and placing by drill with both sides of the row of the crop (MP5) were tested. Variety Khaista-2017 was used during this investigation. The study was focused on growth traits and yield parameters. The highest significant grain yield (6864 kg ha-1), biological yield (17990 kg ha-1), 1000 grain weight (50 grams), grain per spike (66), tillers m-2 (441), spike m-2 (449), plant height (100.15 cm) and harvest index (38.58 %) were noted when Phosphorus was placed by drill on both sides of the crop row. The 2nd most encouraging results were recorded for the method of placing by drill on one side of crop row. This research will help to solve food security problem. Findings of this research will also assist farming community to use suitable method of Phosphorus application and update their production technology. Moreover, by applying results of this research, plant breeders will evolve and develop genotypes of wheat with great potential.
Effect of Various Post-Harvest Techniques on Banana (Musa spp.) Cultivar Quality
A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four different post-harvest treatments (T0 (Control), T₁: Fruit kept in perforated polyethylene bag, T2: Fruits kept in colour polythene bag, and T3: Fruits treated with aloe-vera gel assisted with gibberellic acid (GA3) on the quality attributes and shelf life of two economically important banana cultivars, G-9 (V1) and Bombay (V2), over a 24-day storage period. The study showed that post-harvest treatments had not worked the same way for both cultivars. Each variety responded differently, with a clear trade-off between keeping the fruit firm and slowing down the biochemical changes tied to ripening. T3 stood out for reducing weight loss in both varieties, resulting in a weight reduction of approximately 10.5%. That showed strong peel protection against water loss. However, once you look at ripening, the situation changes: in V1, T3 showed increased sugar levels rapidly, giving the highest sugar and TSS values, while in V2 showed lower sugar development. By contrast, T2 slowed ripening visually in V1 and kept TSS values in a better range for V2. However, the shelf-life assessment revealed a critical limitation: while V1 maintained a 12-day shelf life across all treatments, the V2 (Bombay) variety proved highly sensitive to T1 and T2, which unexpectedly reduced its marketed shelf life to only 9 days. This result highlights the challenges of applying uniform treatments across varieties. The varying results highlight the challenge of applying a single technique to all varieties: T3 is the most effective at delaying weight loss; however, its inconsistent effects on sugar development indicate the necessity of treatment plans specific to each variety, striking the correct balance between reducing transpiration and directing ripening.
Enhancing Maize Performance Through Integrated Nutrient Management
A study entitled “Enhancing Maize Performance through Integrated Nutrient Management” was conducted at NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan, during 2023-24. The experiment was arranged in an RCB design with factorial arrangement. Two maize hybrids, i-e Pioneer-30k08Y and Pioneer-3025W and ten treatments i-e T0= control, T1= Compost, T2= Farm Yard Manure, T3= Poultry Manure (PM), T4= Biochar, T5= Bio Fertilizer, T6= NPK, T7= Foliar application of Moringa leaf extract, T8= Salicylic Acid, T9= IAA (Indole Acetic Acid), T10= IBA (Indole Butric Acid) were studied. Data on leaf area (cm2), Plant height (cm), Chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, relative water content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, Photosynthetic rate, Cob length (cm), grains cob-1,1000-seed weight (g), biological and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured. Performance of maize hybrid Pioneer-30k08Y showed promising results regarding growth and yield. Application of farmyard manure also showed maximum results and improved growth and yield of maize hybrids. As this study was only conducted using maize hybrids, it is advisable to experiment with various varieties of maize along with fertilizer combinations to check their synergistic effects for more reliable and acceptable recommendations in the future.
Evaluating the Molecular Analysis of Rice Plant Response to Rice Blast Disease: Genetic and Hormonal Regulation
The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has been the major disease affecting the production of rice in most parts of the world resulting in heavy loss in yield. Although various studies have concentrated on resistance to disease, there do not exist adequate studies on the mechanisms involved in the defense response of rice, at the molecular level. This research project will help to solve this gap, since the genetic and hormonal regulatory processes of rice plant resistance toward rice blast will be investigated. Mainly it is aimed at assessing the flight, to what extent defense response genes and hormonal signaling (salicylic acid [SA], jasmonic acid [JA], and ethylene) in rice are involved in immune response. The experiment involved three different genotypes exhibiting different degrees of resistance and all the parameters such as growth, disease intensity, gene expression and levels of hormones were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation. ANOVA was used to analyze data and p < 0.05 was regarded as having significant results. Among the key findings, it was indicated that Genotype 3 had a greater resistance, whereby disease severity was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001), gene expression of all three pathways significantly increased (SA: F = 225.52, p < 0.0001; JA: F = 206.60, p < 0.0001; ethylene: F = 416.86, p < 0.0001) and concentrations of SA (32.77 Such findings highlight the significance of genetic and hormonal aspects of rice blast resistance since Genotype 3 possesses the prospect of developing more robust rice species. The study provides useful information on the molecular mechanism of resistance that presents hopeful measures of controlling rice blast diseases.
Assessment of Drinking Water Quality Using WQI: A Case Study of Filtration Plants in TandoJam, Pakistan
Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right, yet it is increasingly at risk due to population growth and human activities—particularly in developing countries where monitoring and maintenance are often inadequate. This study evaluated the water quality of filtration plants in TandoJam city by analyzing 17 samples for parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, hardness, turbidity, potassium (K⁺) , sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), bicarbonates (HCO₃⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), sulphates (SO₄²-), nitrates (NO₃⁻), fluoride, arsenic, iron, chlorine, alkalinity, total coliforms, and E. coli. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to classify the water as excellent, good, poor, very poor, or unsuitable. Results showed that HCO₃⁻ (2 samples), Cl⁻ (1), SO₄²⁻ (1), alkalinity (4), total coliforms (17), and E. coli (17) exceeded WHO limits. WQI values ranged from 0.21 to 34.52, indicating overall excellent to good quality and suggesting the water is generally safe for drinking. However, effective treatment—including proper screening, chlorination, and regular monitoring—is essential to ensure water safety.
Exploring the Nature-based Solution (NbS) to Flood Risk Reduction in the Punjab, Pakistan
The history of floods in the province of Punjab is as old as the evolution of early human settlement in this “land of five rivers” named Harappa some five thousand years ago. The annual wet Monsoon brings rain, with changing climatic patterns. Similarly, the occurrence of floods in many parts of Pakistan has also shown a changing trend that has never been experienced before. This study aims to predict the area in Punjab. The study shows that 40.17% and 36.06 % population of Dera Ghazi Khan and Faisalabad divisions are at risk due to floods. District level Muzaffargarh 3318.4 square kilometers, Rajanpur 2293.93square kilometers (D.G Khan), and Jhang with 2170.63square kilometers (Faisalabad) are flood-prone areas in the Punjab. In recent years, the researcher’s interest has increased in identifying and understanding the role of nature-based solutions (NbS) in reducing flood risk as well as their duration, magnitude, and frequency. In other words, NbS primarily aimed to reduce flood hazards by using indigenous knowledge of the local population, altering and managing land use, reservoir maintenance, and river channels. Further to this, the potential use of NbS can improve integrated water management, lessen the risk of floods and improve environmental governance in the region. The findings propose how to move forward with the influence of NbS for sustainable flood management strategies, which ultimately improve the well-being of millions of people living in flood-prone regions. This will also help formulate policies, and findings can be generalized for other similar parts of South Asia as well as other parts of the world.
Genetics of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus in Relation to Morphological Markers in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Cotton is an important fiber crop, but its production is adversely affected by different biotic stresses, especially Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) stress. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic variability and inter-relationship among the morphological, yield-related, and disease-specific traits of eight cotton genotypes under CLCuV infection. The experiment was conducted under screen house conditions in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times. Ten traits, including plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf curling score, sympodial branches, number of bolls, boll weight, root length, biomass, and disease severity index (DSI), were assessed. Results: Genetic variation was detected for all traits among genotypes. The superior performance of genotypes 1, 2, and 3 was confirmed by the higher values of plant height (98–105 cm), leaf area (179–185 cm²), boll number (23–25), and lower DSI (12–15 %), expressing better resistance against CLCuV. In comparison, reduced growth, bolls, biomass, and higher DSI (55–60%), the genotypes 7 and 8 indicated high susceptibility. Correlation analysis revealed negative significant correlations of DSI and leaf curling score with boll number, biomass, and boll weight, along with positive correlations among growth and yield traits. These results are useful for the strategic selection of genotypes with combined morphological and resistance attributes. Genotypes having low DSI and stable yield components could be proven as important genetic resources in the breeding efforts for the improvement of CLCuV-tolerant cotton varieties.
Optimizing Irrigation Strategies for Wheat in Sindh: Balancing Yield, Water Use Efficiency, and Water Footprint
Water scarcity jeopardizes food production in arid and semi-arid regions, making efficient irrigation crucial to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and sustain crop yields. Thus, a study was conducted to measure the impact of three furrow irrigation methods (FIM) [conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI)] combined with three different irrigation levels (IL) (100%; 80%, and 60% crop water requirement) on crop growth, yield attributes, grain yield, biomass, WUE, and blue water footprint of wheat crop during the Rabi season 2022-2023 in Tandojam, Hyderabad. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results illustrated that FIMs and ILs had a substantial (P < 0.05) effect on the crop growth, yield attributes, grain yield, and biomass, while their interaction had no substantial effect (P > 0.05). Compared with AFI and FFI, CFI had substantially higher grain yield (11.1-15.3%) and biomass (5.0-12.3%), lower WUE (1.23-31.86%), and higher blue water footprint (41.7-46.7%). Whereas AFI compared with CFI saved water by 39.13%, improved WUE by 31.86%, and lowered blue water footprint by 29.86%, with a moderate yield decrease (13.22%) at 80% crop water requirement. Therefore, AFI combined with an 80% crop water requirement is recommended as an efficient irrigation strategy for wheat in water-scarce areas.
Influence of Fruit Maturation on Phenolic Composition and Antibacterial Efficacy of Citrus Sinensis Peels
The peel of Citrus sinensis was investigated as a potential source for the development of new antibacterial agents, addressing the growing global health concern posed by bacterial infections—a leading cause of mortality worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fruit maturation on the total phenolic content and antibacterial potential of C. sinensis peel. Phenolic compounds, known for their antimicrobial properties, were the focus of this investigation. The peels of the selected plant were shade-dried for one week, ground into a fine powder, and subjected to both methanolic and aqueous extraction. Standard protocols were followed to carry out qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic content. The antibacterial activity of the extracts against Escherichia coli was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis. Among all samples, the third-week matured peels yielded the highest phenolic content (0.093 ± 0.08), while the first-week samples recorded the lowest (0.044 ± 0.02). The methanolic extract at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL showed the largest zone of inhibition, whereas the aqueous extract at 1.0 mg/mL showed the smallest. Notably, the methanolic extract from the third-week peel exhibited the highest MIC values, achieving 80–100% inhibition of E. coli and significantly outperforming its aqueous counterpart. These results underscore the strong antibacterial potential of phenolic compounds in Citrus sinensis peel, particularly at the third week of maturation. The results support the use of plant-derived phenolics in the formulation of safe, effective, and natural antibacterial agents, potentially offering a valuable alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer adverse effects on human health.
Effect of Different Design Parameters of Furrow on Irrigation Efficiencies
This study aims to evaluate the effect of different furrow design parameters on irrigation efficiencies to develop optimized guidelines for sustainable water management in agriculture. The present study was conducted to study the effect of different furrow irrigation designs on irrigation efficiencies and growth parameters of the okra crop. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Department of Land and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. There were four treatments and three replications. Bed widths were considered as treatments; T1 =0 .5m, T2 =0.6m, T3 =0.7m and T4 =0.8 m. The furrow length was kept at 30 m in each treatment. The height of each ridge was set to 0.5 m, and the overall plot area was 399 m2. Soil samples were collected at the soil depths of 0–10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40–50 cm from the field pre- and post-experiment, to determine density, texture, and soil moisture content. The soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Land and Water Management. The field trial was continued for 28 days with an irrigation interval of 7 days. After 24 hours of water application, the data was collected. The trend of the wetting pattern of the moisture was the same under T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The maximum moisture content was found at the head of the furrow. The moisture content decreased at the lower side due to the slope of the soil. In this study, the application efficiency is good to better under all the treatments of furrow design. The application efficiency, storage efficiency, and distribution uniformity increased was good under T4 as the width of the furrow increased, but these decreased as the length of the furrow increased. The yield of the crop increased under T3 and T4 as compared with T1 (control). On the basis of the study, it is recommended that T4 be adopted for cultivation okra crop, because application efficiency, storage efficiency, distribution uniformity, and crop yield were maximum under this treatment.
Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) A Comprehensive Review
Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) are nutrient-dense and highly adaptable oilseeds valued for their rich content of essential nutrients, including proteins, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals. They are particularly renowned for their abundance of antioxidants such as sesamin and sesamolin, which offer numerous health benefits. Sesame seeds are also excellent sources of minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. In addition, they contain important fatty acids, notably linoleic acid and oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), along with palmitic acid. They are a useful supplement to plant-based diets because of their high protein level, particularly in defatted sesame flour. Sesame seeds have demonstrated promise in treating chest pain, oxidative stress reduction, and Enhancement of blood lipid profiles, along with effects that combat diabetes, inflammation, and cancer. Their bioactive components have been investigated for their potential to promote skin health, increase liver function, and modify cholesterol levels. Sesame lignans' antioxidant qualities further support the seed's capacity to prevent chronic illnesses and enhance general health. Sesame seeds, both whole and processed, are utilized extensively in food applications. They are frequently added as a garnish to baked goods, as well as in making tahini, sesame oil, and snacks made with sesame. They are appropriate for the creation of functional and fortified foods because of their high nutritional value and practical benefits, to improve human health.
Fungal Flora Associated with Capsicum Annum and Their Impact on Plant Vigor
Chilli is among the world’s most popular vegetables, belonging to the family Solanaceae. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that are found almost everywhere and are associated with plants and the rhizosphere. Some fungal flora associated with Capsicum annuum affect the plant's health, whereas others do not cause any visible symptoms. In this research, fungal flora was isolated from various parts of Capsicum annuum plants, including the stem, root, fruit, leaves, and soil. Furthermore, morphological characterization was performed to confirm the fungal species associated with Capsicum annum. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus paraciticus, Colletotrichum sp, and Alternaria alternata were isolated and characterized in this study. However, the density of the fungal flora varied across different parts of the chilli plants and in the rhizospheric soil. Furthermore, the impact of the phyllosphere microbial populations on plant health, specifically chlorophyll content, was assessed under sterilized conditions. It was observed that total chlorophyll content was higher in the presence of a microbial community as compared to its absence. The presence of these fungi collectively affected the chlorophyll contents and showed a direct proportional relationship with fungal flora.
Impact of Wastewater from Sugar and Fertilizer Industries on Ghotki Feeder and Agricultural Fields
This study investigates the environmental impact of untreated wastewater from sugar and fertilizer industries on the Ghotki Feeder and nearby agricultural fields in Ghotki District, Pakistan. With no effluent treatment facilities in place, the direct discharge of industrial wastewater has led to significant water and soil pollution. Analysis of water and soil samples revealed elevated levels of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological and chemical oxygen demand, chloride, sulfate, and sodium exceeding permissible limits set by FAO. Soil tests showed high sodium adsorption ratios and reduced organic matter, indicating potential harm to soil structure and crop productivity. The findings highlight the urgent need for wastewater treatment systems and stricter environmental regulations to protect the region’s agricultural sustainability and public health.
Suitability Analysis of Groundwater for Irrigation in District Naseerabad, Baluchistan
In Baluchistan, the dependency on groundwater for agriculture is even more significant due to its arid and semi-arid climate. District Naseerabad of Baluchistan, Pakistan, is characterized by its unique geographical and climatic features. Baluchistan receives scant and erratic rainfall, averaging less than 200 millimeters annually, which is insufficient to sustain agricultural activities. In these regions, the scarcity of rainfall and high evapotranspiration rates limit the availability of surface water, making groundwater the primary and sometimes the sole source of water for irrigation. The present study was conducted in District Naseerabad, Baluchistan, during the year 2023-24. There are 4 tahsils and 32 union councils (UCs) in the district of Naseerabad. There are no tubewells installed in the union councils without the union councils of Chhatter, Karor, Phuleji, Shahpur, and Bundi. So the water samples were collected from these 5 union councils. The water samples were analyzed for EC, pH, Chloride, Calcium, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sodium, Sulfate, and Potassium. TDS, SAR. SSP, PI, MAR, and KR indicators were determined for water suitability. The EC of water was under permissible limits in UC Bundi. The pH was within permissible limits in all UCs. TDS were within permissible limits in UC Chhatter and Bundi. Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulfate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, and Nitrate were within permissible limits in all UCs. Assessing the suitability of groundwater for irrigation involves evaluating several key indices that provide insight into the potential long-term impacts of using groundwater on soil health and crop productivity. The variations in SSP could be attributed to differences in geological formations, human activities, and agricultural practices across the union councils. For suitability analysis, SAR and SSP were within permissible limits in UC Chhatter and Bundi. High PI values indicate that the water is likely to enhance soil permeability, while low PI values suggest a risk of reduced permeability due to sodium-induced soil dispersion. PIs were within permissible limits in UC Karor, Phuleji, Shahpur, and Bundi. MAR was over the permissible limits in UC Bundi. High KR values signify an elevated sodium hazard, which can lead to soil sodicity and degradation. KR were within permissible limits in UC Chhatter and Bundi. High MAR values indicate a disproportionate amount of magnesium, which can lead to soil compaction and reduced aeration, hampering root development and nutrient uptake.
Estimation of Genetic Variability for Yield and Maturity Related Traits in Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum) Under Agro-climatic Conditions of Peshawar
A study entitled “Estimation of genetic variability for yield and maturity related traits in garden pea (Pisum sativum) under agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar” was conducted in Peshawar, Pakistan, on 21st October 2021 to investigate the genetic variation among sixteen pea genotypes for yield and maturity related traits. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among most of the pea genotypes, indicating sufficient variation. The research was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. A total of 15 pea genotypes, along with one commercial variety, “Meteor”, were obtained from the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan. The pea genotype Meteor was kept as a control, while other genotypes were maintained as a treatment. All the studied parameters were significantly affected by the pea genotypes, meteor, and the other fifteen genotypes. The pea genotype Meteor exhibited minimum days to emergence (7.5), days to first picking (60.00), and maximum pod diameter (11.62 mm). In contrast, pea genotype 29928 showed maximum green pod yield (9.48 tons ha-1), hundred green pod weight (531.66 g), and pod length (8.42cm). However, the genotype 29249 produced the highest number of pods per plant (313.3). On the basis of outstanding performance for yield traits, it is concluded that genotypes 29928 and 29249 are recommended for early maturity. Genotype Meteor is advised for Peshawar growers as well as for testing across locations and onward use in the pea breeding program.
Interactive Effects of Supplementary Irrigation with Plastic Mulch Colors Strategies on Guar Production in Rain-Fed Area of Tharparkar
Tharparkar boasts significant underground water potential, serving as a crucial source for guar production and ecosystem requirements. Guar crops thrive in desert areas with sandy textured soil, requiring well-drained conditions. Yet the mechanisms underlying the improved yield and crop water productivity of guar crop under supplementary irrigation remain unclear. The field trials were conducted during the guar growing seasons at the Mr. Dharam Das Agricultural Farm, Village Bewato, Mithi, Pakistan in 2022-23. The experiment design was based on split plot in randomized complete block design with including three different factors like as, supplementary irrigation water, plastic mulch color and soil texture under conventional cultivation practice along with three replications. Factor-A: Irrigation water = 05 (No irrigation (CK), rainwater (R), rainwater and groundwater (R+G), groundwater and rainwater (G+R), and groundwater (G) at sequential vegetative and reproductive stage of guar. Factor-B: Plastic film mulch = 03 (Black and white color plastic film mulch, and without plastic film mulch (control)). Factor-C: Soil textures = 02 (sandy loam (S1) and (sandy clay loam (S2). The results showed that the different supplementary irrigation and plastic film mulching significantly affected plant height, dry biomass, seeds yield and crop water productivity of guar at sites. Across the irrigation treatments, the rainwater treatment could highly significantly enhance biomass production by 39 % and seeds yield by 52.9 % as compared to CK treatment. Across the plastic film mulching, by improving the plant and soil micro-climatic condition, mulched plots in increased significantly seeds yield by 9 % in black colored film mulched plot and 5 % in white plastic film mulched plots because less soil water depletion as compared to non-mulch plots. Across the soil types, S2 soil type increased highly significantly (p>0.01 in 2022 and p>0.001 in 2023) dry biomass by 70 % and seeds yield by 82 % as compared to S1. The supplementary saline and rainwater irrigation (G+R) can be applied at sequential vegetative and reproductive stage without any more negative impact on yield compared to R treatment. Tharparkar region, the using saline groundwater water during the vegetative stage and rainwater during the reproductive stage is recommended for achieving optimal guar yields while conserving water.
Mustard Seeds and Leaves: Exploring Nutritional Benefits and Therapeutic Applications
A multipurpose crop from the Brassicaceae family, mustard has been grown since 3000 BCE and has industrial, culinary, and medicinal uses. Due to their rich lipid, phenolic, and glucosinolate content, key species, white (Sinapis alba), black (Brassica nigra), and brown (Brassica juncea) offer special advantages. These substances have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities that support heart health, diabetes control, and cancer prevention. Concerns about the erucic acid content in Brassica oil, which is used extensively in culinary and medicine, have led to attempts to create safer, lower-erucic-acid varieties. Mustard is a natural preservative due to its antibacterial qualities, especially those derived from allyl isothiocyanate, and its usage in food preservation and functional foods is further enhanced by phenolic compounds like sinapine. Meals made from mustard seeds have additional uses as soil improvers and biopesticides. Despite its potential, issues including toxicity and adulteration call for additional research and quality controls. The numerous uses of mustard in industry, sustainable agriculture, and health highlight its significance and call for further development and regulation to ensure its safer and wider usage.
Estimation of Lethal Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos and Its Effect on Behavioral and Hematological Parameters in Exposed Cyprinus Carpio
Pesticides are harmful to humans, birds, fish, and other organisms. Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide (organophosphate) used universally in farming and home settings around the world to control pests. Assessing damage caused by pesticides is very crucial to find out their harmful effects on non-targeted fauna. The current research was designed to identify the toxicity and harmful impact of Chlorpyrifos on the mortality, behaviour, and haematology of Cyprinus carpio. The lethal concentrations were observed for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. The behavioral and hematological alterations were also observed in the groups exposed to Chlorpyrifos. The LC0 was determined as 0.08, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.19 mg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. The LC50 was found to be 0.160, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.48 mg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs, while the LC100 values were found to be 0.32, 0.64, 0.96, and 1.28 mg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. Changes in behaviour, such as loss of body balance, irregular swimming, etc, have been observed. A significant change in haematological parameters has been determined in experimental groups as compared to the control (p < 0.05). It has been concluded that chlorpyrifos has a lethal effect on Cyprinus carpio.
Integrative Assessment of Organic, Inorganic and Bio-fertilizers on wheat Phenological, growth and Yield Indices under Semi-Arid Agroecosystems
Background: Crop nutrients major sources are organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers. Supplementation of beneficial microbes with organic and inorganic fertilizers is a feasible technology to improve wheat productivity. Methods: This study assessed the impact of Bioaab biofertilizer (containing Rhodopseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Saccharomyces spp.), nitrogen (N) rates (80, 120, 160 kg ha⁻¹), and organic amendments poultry manure (PM), farmyard manure (FYM), and maize residues (MR) on wheat growth and yield. Two field trials, with and without Bioaab, were conducted during the 2020–2021 winter season at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, using a randomized complete block design with ten treatments (including a control), each replicated three times. In the Bioaab trial, 60 L ha⁻¹ of extended solution was applied via irrigation before sowing. Results: Bioaab application and higher N levels significantly improved plant height, leaf area, dry matter, and yields. Compared to the control, plant height increased by 12.8% and 19.0%, and leaf area by 7.6% and 18.1% at 80 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively. Dry matter production rose by 16.2% at 160 kg N ha⁻¹. Among organic sources, PM showed the highest increases plant height (18.8%), leaf area (17.3%), and dry matter (16.7%). FYM and MR also enhanced growth, though to a lesser extent. PM led to the highest biological (12,158 kg ha⁻¹) and grain yield (4,110 kg ha⁻¹), reflecting increases of 54.7% and 86.5% over the control, respectively. Conclusion: These results underscore the benefits of integrated nutrient management, particularly poultry manure combined with 120–160 kg N ha⁻¹, in boosting wheat productivity under semi-arid conditions.
Performance of Onion Seed Production Under Organic and Mineral Fertilizers in the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Cameroon
The study on the improvement of the quantitative and qualitative production of onion seeds was carried out at the IRAD experimental site in Meskine. This trial was conducted using a completely randomized experimental block design with seven treatments (fertilizers) for six replicates. Thus, at 45 JARS, the application at a rate of 250 kg/ha and 15 t/ha broadcast respectively for mineral fertilizer (27-13-13; 14-23-14; 12-14-19; 22-10-15 and 46-0-0) and for goat manure (organic fertilizer). In addition, a biostimulant was applied at a dose of 1 l/ha using the sprayer (ULVA). The data collected was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 software at the 5% significance level. The analysis of the results obtained shows that formulations 27-13-13 (T1) and 12-14-19 (T3) shortened the number of days of appearance of the first bolting and flowering by two (2) days. The high yield and maximum weight of 1000 grains were obtained with the T0 treatment, which is goat manure. The treatment (T2) based on the 14-23-14 formulation of fertilizer made it possible to obtain a maximum rate of germination and its germination power. The correlation test between the parameters of early childhood of plants at different phonological stages has identified that the 22-10-15 (T+) formulation ensures the rapid development of different parts of the plants. The result of the correlation test between the studied development and yield parameters made it possible to identify the 14-23-14 (T2) formulation as the best fertilizer for onion seed production.
Identification Of Bioactive Compounds in Selected Seeds of Medicinal Plants
The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial potential of forty different local plant seeds collected from the local market of Haripur district. Seeds were washed with water, sorted, graded, grounded, and stored at room temperature for further analysis. The sample was analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity against three bacterial isolates i.e, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtillis. The results indicated that the highest phenolic compounds were found in Pista maghz (40.80 mg GAE/gram) and Kaju (1.27 mg GAE/gram) had the lowest amount for TPC. Total flavonoid content was noted as highest in Tukham-e-taboos (55.40 mg QE/gram) and Till said (7.26 mg QE/gram) has the lowest amount of total flavonoid. The antimicrobial activity results showed that the crude extract of seeds Tukhme gajar and Tulasi exhibited great potential against multi-drug resistance strain Escherichia coli showed activity about 21 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The crude extract of seed Mako and Til said exhibited great potential against multi-drug resistance strain S. aureus with zones of inhibition of 21 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The crude extract of seed Mako and Black pepper exhibited great potential against the multi-drug resistance strain Bacillus Subtilis with a zone of inhibition of 21mm and 20mm, respectively. Seed extracts Soya, Nalon seed, Safaid mirch, Pista maghaz, and Til said exhibited the scavenging activity where percentages of inhibition of free radicals of extract were recorded as 41%, 33%,34%, 29%, and 28% respectively. Ascorbic acid (control) exhibited percentage inhibition of 55%, 52%, 51%, 50%, and 48% respectively. According to our results, the desired seed extract shows remarkable antibacterial, antioxidant, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. All the selected selected medicinal seeds have a good amount of phytochemicals as well as antimicrobial activity.
Quality Analysis of The Wheat Grains Stored in Different Bins Over Time
Grain quality maintenance and storage losses are a big challenge for the world. The losses and grain quality issues are attributed to the storage structures and conditions. Thus, there is a dire need to improve and evaluate the existing and newly developed structures. Keeping in view the necessity, this study was conducted to evaluate various storage structures to assess performance in preventing grain losses during storage. Six treatments, viz, EB (earthen bin), MB (metallic bin), ATFB (airtight ferrocement bin), FVFB (forced ventilated ferrocement bin), ATMB (airtight metallic bin), and FVMB (forced ventilated metallic bin) were replicated thrice in the randomized complete block design. The effect of storage periods with the interval of three months was also assessed. Six indicators were invoked to obtain the results, namely; stored grain temperature (°C), moisture content (%), germination (%), insect-pest infestation (%), weight loss due to insect infestation (%), aflatoxin level (µg kg-1). The results revealed that there is a significant association between storage structure, storage period, and grain quality. The traditional structures (EB and MB ) were observed to affect the tested quality parameter significantly (p> 0.05). While modern structures (ATFB, FVFB, ATMB, and FVMB) maintained the quality parameters within the permissible limit. However, an airtight ferrocement bin (ATFB) showed significantly better results among all treatments. Therefore, farmers are suggested to utilize airtight ferrocement bins to store and maintain wheat grain quality for various purposes.
Development and Testing of Compressed Organic Fuel Logs: A Sustainable Cooking Alternative
Organic waste materials such as bovine excrement and agricultural residues are increasingly being recognized as sustainable fuel sources. However, conventional combustion methods contribute significantly to air pollution. This study explores the potential of log-making machinery to compress organic materials into dense logs, which combust more efficiently and produce lower emissions. The logs were produced from a mixture of animal excrement and agricultural waste using a specialized log-making apparatus, and their physical properties and performance were evaluated across 11 different log compositions (LOG-1–LOG-11). The key parameters assessed included shrinkage diameter, weight reduction, length reduction, moisture content, and bulk density. Performance metrics such as ignition time, burning rate, and ash content were also measured. The results indicated that the diameter shrinkage during drying ranged from 10% to 35%, whereas the mass loss varied between 21% and 38%. The moisture content ranged from 30% to 52%, with bulk density values between 1230 and 1540 kg/m³. The ignition time was recorded at 46 to 52 seconds, and the burning rate varied from 0.07 to 0.012 kg/min, with Log-4 exhibiting the highest burning rate. Notably, Log-8 demonstrated a lower ash content than Log-9, suggesting a greater fuel efficiency. These findings highlight the versatility of balanced compositions such as LOG-8 for various applications, contributing to more efficient agricultural practices and environmental sustainability.
Metabolomic Profiling and Bioactivity Evaluation of Plant Resins
The present study conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial potential of local plants resins including Kiker (Acacianilotica), Phulai (Acacia modesta), Gond babool (Acacia arabicae) and Aloo bukhara (Prunus domestica) collected from Haripur district. Ten-gram powder of the sample is mixed with 50 mL of 70% methanol and extracted by using ultrsonicator for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in rotary evaporator till 2 mL remained. Samples were diluted with methanol (70%) and were analyzed in triplicates. The results indicated that phenolic compounds increases by heating as compared to raw resins extract. Aloo bukhara resin showed higher amount 8.33 mg/g while Gond babool have 7.21 mg/g, Phulai have 5.73 mg/g and Kiker have 4.61 mg/g total phenolics respectively. Total flavonoid content decreases in microwave heating. Resin extracts have higher radical scavenging activity when it is not heated. Kiker have highest radical scavenging activity i. e. 80% while Phulai have 69.99%, Gond babool have 74% and Plum have 75%. Moreover, heating results is decreased in antioxidant activity with the time difference. In microwave heating, Gond babool showed higher activity i. e. 73% for 1 min., 71% for 2 min. and 57% for 3 min. as compared to other resins. Antimicrobial activity results showed that Kiker resin have the greater zone diameter against E. coli and S. areus as compared to rest of varieties. Heat treatments increased the activity in Phulai and Aloo bukhara resins while decreased in Babool resin against different bacterial isolates. All the selected resins have a good amount of phytochemicals as well as antimicrobial activity. Industries uses these plant resin extract as antioxidant and antimicrobial in many food and other products because of a natural source and easy availability having health beneficial attributes as well as for their potential to improve product structure as a gum base.