International Journal of Agriculture and Sustainable Development
type: channel
description: International Journal of Agriculture and Sustainable Development (ISSN 2618-1193) is an international peer-reviewed and "Open Access" HEC Recognized journal designed to explore advances in Agriculture. Researchers can submit their field observations and the results of laboratory experiments to IJASD within "Aims and Scopes" of the journal. The journal publishes issues quarterly. Rapid Publication: manuscripts are transparently reviewed by international and local reviewers and the first decision is communicated to authors within 10-15 Days. High Visibility: indexed in HEC, MDPI, REPEC and other database...... Recognition of Reviewers: Reviewers providing timely decisions and thorough peer-review reports are acknowledged with a discount in Article Processing Charges.
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Agriculture and Sustainable Development
items: Evaluation of Commercially Available Biostimulants on Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Quality of Sunflower Under Rainfed Conditions
items: Evaluating the Efficacy of Different Chemical Treatments on Weed Density, Biomass Accumulation, and Physiological Traits in Pearl Millet
items: Biotechnology Enabled Genetic Improvement of Pea (Pisum sativum): From Genomic Tools to Commercial Cultivar Development
items: Insecticidal Potential of Emerging Entomopathogens Against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
items: Infestation Level of Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) in Different Tomato Varieties in Selected Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
items: Performance of Different Cotton Genotypes under Different Infestation Levels of Whitefly Populations
items: Cross-Sectional Assessment of Poultry Infectious Diseases Across Different Production Systems and Breeds in Karachi
items: Selenium-Facilitated Antioxidant System Response in Zea Mays Seedlings Under Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Stress
items: Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Potential of Salvodora Persica
items: Studies on Digestive Anatomy and Digestibility Influenced by Cassia Fistula Powder in Gallus Domestics
items: Comparative Evaluation of Neem Leaf Extract and Powder as Natural Antibacterial Agents Against Staphylococcus Aureus
items: Bioactive Properties and Nutritional Value of Camel Milk: An Updated Overview
items: Screening of Cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) Through Pathological, Morphological and Fiber Quality Parameters
items: Nutritional and Pharmacological Properties of Papaya Peel: A Comprehensive Review
items: Nutritional, Therapeutic and Food Industrial Aspects of Fennel Seeds (Foeniculum vulgare): A Comprehensive Review
items: Design and Fabrication of an Automated Mini Portable Sprinkler System
items: Synthesis and Evaluation of Organo-Mineral Phosphatic Fertilizers from the Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Wastes to Improve the Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum)
items: Response of Turnip to Sowing Dates and Phosphorus Levels
items: Effect of Different Methods of Phosphorus Application on Growth and Agronomic Traits of Wheat Under Arid and Semi- Arid Conditions of Bannu Division
items: Effect of Various Post-Harvest Techniques on Banana (Musa spp.) Cultivar Quality
items: Enhancing Maize Performance Through Integrated Nutrient Management
items: Evaluating the Molecular Analysis of Rice Plant Response to Rice Blast Disease: Genetic and Hormonal Regulation
items: Assessment of Drinking Water Quality Using WQI: A Case Study of Filtration Plants in TandoJam, Pakistan
items: Exploring the Nature-based Solution (NbS) to Flood Risk Reduction in the Punjab, Pakistan
items: Genetics of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus in Relation to Morphological Markers in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
items: Optimizing Irrigation Strategies for Wheat in Sindh: Balancing Yield, Water Use Efficiency, and Water Footprint
items: Influence of Fruit Maturation on Phenolic Composition and Antibacterial Efficacy of Citrus Sinensis Peels
items: Effect of Different Design Parameters of Furrow on Irrigation Efficiencies
items: Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) A Comprehensive Review
items: Fungal Flora Associated with Capsicum Annum and Their Impact on Plant Vigor

Evaluation of Commercially Available Biostimulants on Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Quality of Sunflower Under Rainfed Conditions
type: item
description: A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2025 at the University Research Farm, Koont (Punjab, Pakistan), to evaluate the effectiveness of commercially available biostimulants on the growth, yield, and oil quality of sunflower grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications each: T1: Control (basal fertilization only), T2: Wokozim Power Plus (granular application 25 kg ha-1), T3: Maxicrop Liquid Seaweed (foliar spray 5 L ha⁻¹), T4: Small Liquid Packs (foliar spray 2.5 L ha⁻¹), and T5: Liquid Seaweed Extract (foliar spray 4 L ha⁻¹). Growth parameters measured included chlorophyll content, plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, growth rate, and head diameter, while yield attributes comprised number of achenes per head, 1000-achene weight, achene yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Quality parameters such as oil content, fatty acid composition, and seed protein were also analyzed. Results showed significant treatment effects on all parameters. The LSD values of the studied parameters are: Chlorophyll content (3.10), Oil Content (2.6), Palmitic Acid (0.4), Stearic Acid (0.30), Oleic Acid (2.2), Linoleic Acid (2.5), Seed protein Content (1.9), Number of achenes (95), 1000-Achenes Weight (4.10), Achenes Yield (210), Biological Yield (420), Harvest Index (3.8), Plant Height (8.5), Stem Girth (0.22), Number of leaves (2.10), Growth Rate (0.48), Head Diameter (2.4). The tallest plants were recorded in T5 (172 cm), whereas maximum stem girth (3.35 cm) and growth rate (4.63 g day⁻¹) were also associated with foliar biostimulant treatments. T4 produced the highest number of leaves (22.94) and head diameter (22.00 cm), indicating improved vegetative vigor. Yield performance was prominently enhanced by biostimulant application, with T4 generating the greatest number of achenes (1177), the highest 1000-achene weight (68.48 g), achene yield (3727 …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sunflower
  topic: keywords
subject: Biostimulants
  topic: keywords
subject: Foliar application
  topic: keywords
subject: Growth attributes
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable crop production.
  topic: keywords
creator: Malik Abdul Basit
creator: Zuhair Hasnain
creator: Adeel Anwar
creator: Ghulam Qadir
creator: Fahad Masoud Wattoo
creator: Iqtidar Hussain
creator: Khawar Abbas
creator: Zain Ali Shahani
creator: Syed Tanzeel Husnain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 125
ending page: 139
doi: 10.3333/25fjp361

Evaluating the Efficacy of Different Chemical Treatments on Weed Density, Biomass Accumulation, and Physiological Traits in Pearl Millet
type: item
description: Weeds are one of the major limitations to the productivity of crops in that they compete with vital resources like light, nutrients, water, and space. The current research aimed to determine the efficacy of various weed management treatments on the weed density, biomass production, weed moisture content and species composition. The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) involving seven treatments (T1–T7) and three replications. The data were systematically measured on weed flora, weed density (2.54–33.79 plants m⁻²), fresh biomass (14.04–241.29 g m⁻²), dry biomass (7.00–149.21 g m⁻²), moisture content (41.99–241.29%), and dry-matter percentage (35.49–57.00%). The ANOVA showed that the effect of treatments on all the parameters measured was highly significant (p < 0.01), especially on fresh and dry biomass, indicating that the treatments strongly suppressed weeds. T1 had the lowest weed density (2.54 plants m⁻²), fresh biomass (14.04 g m⁻²), and dry biomass (7.00 g m⁻²), while T7 had the highest values (33.79 plants m⁻², 241.29 g m⁻², and 149.21 g m⁻², respectively), indicating weed suppression of more than 90% under T1 compared to T7. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships among weed density, fresh biomass, and dry biomass (r = 0.86–0.98, p < 0.01). This confirms that higher weed populations lead to increased biomass. The content of moisture had weak and non-significant correlations (r = –0.13 to –0.03) with other characteristics, indicating its weak influence on weed growth dynamics. Weed density data showed that T1 recorded the lowest populations of broad-leaves (5.00 plants m⁻²), sedges (0.67 plants m⁻²), khabal (2.00 plants m⁻²), and madhana (0.00 plants m⁻²) at 15 DAS, whereas T7 exhibited the highest densities for broad-leaves (92.00 plants m⁻²) and sedges (28.67 plants m⁻²), indicating severe infestation under untreated conditions. At 30 DAS, T4 recorded the lowest densities of broad-leaves and sedges (3.33 plan…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Herbicide
  topic: keywords
subject: Weeds
  topic: keywords
subject: Weed Density
  topic: keywords
subject: Pearl Millets
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemical Treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Aamir Shehzad
creator: Muhammad Dilshad
creator: Kiran Shahzadi
creator: Aamir Ghani
creator: Iqra Ibrar
creator: Nidal Ahmed
creator: Mubashra Yasin
creator: Barkat Ali
creator: Binish Ali
creator: Syeda Fiza Nayab
creator: Naveed Kamal
creator: Arbaz Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 114
ending page: 124
doi: 10.3333/y7638m35

Biotechnology Enabled Genetic Improvement of Pea (Pisum sativum): From Genomic Tools to Commercial Cultivar Development
type: item
description: The pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a significant cool-season legume that is valued for its role in sustainable cropping systems, nutritional value, and capacity to fix nitrogen. Despite its importance, a limited genetic base, vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses, and the complexity of polygenic traits have limited pea genetic improvement. Breeding of pea has been revolutionized with the advent of biotechnology, which has enabled the breeder to make the desired changes selectively, quickly, and as needed. Quality reference genomes, dense molecular markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL), and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are genomic resources that have been utilized in unraveling complex traits and identifying desirable alleles. Among the methods used to accelerate cultivar development is high-throughput phenotyping based on the application of molecular breeding, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), or genomic selection (GS), and speed breeding. Transgenic systems, including genetic engineering and others, have introduced novel characteristics (e.g., disease and insect resistance), and the system using genome editing, particularly CRISPR/Cas, can be utilized in conjunction with previously unheard-of accuracy in editing properties of yield, stress, and quality. These biotechnological tools, in combination with traditional breeding, have led to the introduction of pea cultivars that are high-yielding, resistant, and contain nutritionally enhanced properties. Pangenomics, artificial intelligence, and synthetic biology are some of the upcoming technologies that will strive to enhance pea in the future to contribute to food security in the world, as well as climate-adaptive agriculture. The majority of reported yield, stress-tolerance, and nutritional-enhancement improvements are, however, pegged on published QTL/GWAS relations and experimental validation in regulated or multi-location field trials, whereas others are pr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pisum Sativum
  topic: keywords
subject: Improvement of Pea
  topic: keywords
subject: Biotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular Breeding
  topic: keywords
subject: Genome Editing
  topic: keywords
subject: Genomic Selection
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultivar Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Genomics
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Rizwan Shafiq
creator: Muhammad Talal Ahmad
creator: Rao Abdul Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 94
ending page: 113
doi: 10.3333/ay69wx74

Insecticidal Potential of Emerging Entomopathogens Against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
type: item
description: The present study evaluated the insecticidal potential of two emerging entomopathogenic fungal genera, Penicillium and Cladosporium, against different life stages of the cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Pathogenicity assays were conducted on 4th instar nymphs and adults using two conidial concentrations (4×10⁸ and 4×10⁴ spores mL⁻¹), with each treatment performed in three independent replicates. Results showed that both fungal genera were more effective against nymphs than adults, with Penicillium species demonstrating higher virulence overall. Among them, P. expansum exhibited the highest mortality against both developmental stages. Similarly, Cladosporium sp. outperformed C. cladosporioides, showing more consistent efficacy across spore concentrations. The findings suggest that specific isolates of Penicillium and Cladosporium have promising potential as biocontrol agents against B. tabaci, particularly at the nymphal stage. These insights contribute to the development of environmentally friendly pest management strategies in cotton cultivation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cotton whitefly
  topic: keywords
subject: Biocontrol
  topic: keywords
subject: Virulence Bioassay
  topic: keywords
creator: Waheed Anwar
creator: Adnan Akhter
creator: Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan
creator: Zain Mushtaq
creator: Beenish Rasheed
creator: Rabia Kalsoom
creator: Karamat Ali Zohaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 71
ending page: 84

Infestation Level of Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) in Different Tomato Varieties in Selected Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
type: item
description: The study compared the dynamics of infestation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), associated fruit damage, and yield losses in six tomato varieties (Red King, Rio Grande, Florida King, Roma, Sahel, and 1359) in 2020 and 2021, and their correlation with weather parameters in three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Peshawar, Bajaur, and Swat). The level of infestation was considerably different during the growing season, with the first appearance of eggs in the 11th meteorological week, followed by the appearance of larvae in the 13th week, peak population in the 19th week, and gradual decline in the 21st week in all locations and varieties. The lowest infestations were recorded in Sahel (1.24-1.87 eggs plant-1 and 1.241.56 larvae plant-1) and Rio Grande (1.942.58 eggs plant-1 and 1.72 2.58 larvae plant-1). Temperature significantly affected the level of infestation, with the highest population being at 20–26 °C and 27–30 °C. Relative humidity had significant negative relationships with the population of larvae in all districts and years, as compared to rainfall, which had no significant effect because it had low occurrence during the cropping season. Infestation varietal variations were directly converted into fruit damage and loss of production. Damage to fruits fell between 19.97 with Roma and Rio Grande experiencing the greatest damage, and Sahel and 1359 had the lowest damage in all the districts. There is a negative correlation between the infestation intensity and yield performance, where Sahel and 1359 gave the best yield (a maximum of around 15,800 kg ha-1), and Rio Grande and Florida King were the lowest yielders. Correlation analysis indicated that there were location-specific temperature and infestation correlations, with a significant positive correlation in Bajaur, a non-significant positive correlation in Peshawar, and a significant negative correlation in Swat. Comprehensively, the research proves that abiotic factors, especially temperature an…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Helicoverpa Armigera
  topic: keywords
subject: Tomato Fruit Borer
  topic: keywords
subject: Abiotic Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Tomato Varieties
  topic: keywords
subject: Infestation Levels
  topic: keywords
creator: Riaz ul Haq
creator: Ahmad-Ur-Rahman Saljoqi
creator: Muhammad Ismail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-17
publication date: 2026-01-17
starting page: 51
ending page: 62

Performance of Different Cotton Genotypes under Different Infestation Levels of Whitefly Populations
type: item
description: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production is severely limited by biotic stresses such as whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) infestation and CLCuD. Seven cotton genotypes were evaluated under three levels of stress (Control, T1, and T2) in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications in April 2025, sown at Plant Pathology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, to study pests and disease dynamics, growth and yield components, as well as the relationship among important agronomic parameters. Adult whitefly densities and disease indices increased gradually from Control to T2 , while G6 was always the most susceptible and G3 the least. Growth indices followed similar trends, confirming an increase in pest and disease pressure severely compromising plant health. Similarly, plant height, bolls per plant, boll weight, and seed cotton yield decreased in whitefly treatments, with more reduction under T2. Correlation studies indicated strong negative relationships of adult whitefly populations and CLCuD incidence with growth characters, whereas bolls per plant, boll weight, and plant height were positively correlated with seed cotton yield. Seed index showed negative correlations with almost all the yield components and a positive correlation with disease incidence, revealing compensatory allocation under stress. ANOVA revealed that the causes of variation in yield-related traits were up to 80 % attributed to genetic differences, and disease expression was more affected by treatment factors. This indicated that the distribution of plant height was equally due to genetic and treatment (phenotypic plasticity) factors. These findings in general indicate that whitefly infestation, along with CLCuD have significant deterring effect on the growth and yield of cotton, as well as genotype variation for susceptibility and yield potential. These findings provide a practical foundation for cotton breeding programs by identifying stable, stress-to…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cotton
  topic: keywords
subject: Whitefly
  topic: keywords
subject: Leaf Curl Virus
  topic: keywords
subject: Bemisia Tabaci
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease Incidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Nidal Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Saqib Sohail
creator: Junaid Iqbal
creator: Arbaz Hassan
creator: Saima Naseer
creator: Saba Saeed
creator: Muhammad Jawwad Yousaf
creator: Khunsa Khakwani
creator: Karim Bakhsh Sial
creator: Aamir Shehzad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
starting page: 33
ending page: 42

Cross-Sectional Assessment of Poultry Infectious Diseases Across Different Production Systems and Breeds in Karachi
type: item
description: Background: In Karachi, Pakistan, poultry production is a pivotal source of income and nutrition, but the productivity is significantly limited by infectious diseases. Despite the significance of breed-specific disease dynamics to effective control, there is limited local epidemiological data on various production systems. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of the major infectious poultry diseases, evaluate the susceptibility by breed and age, and define the main management and biosecurity risk factors of the commercial and indigenous chicken population in Karachi. Methods: A multistage stratified sampling design was used to select three randomly chosen districts, where a cross-sectional survey was done. Backyard flocks, commercial broiler and layer farms, were all covered. Data was gathered due to the clinical examination, structured farmer questionnaires, and biological sampling (oropharyngeal, cloacal, blood, and fecal samples). The rapid antigen tests, ELISA, and PCR were used to detect major viral pathogens, bacterial pathogens, and parasitic pathogens. The descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze disease prevalence and risk factors. Key Findings: Infectious diseases were widespread in all production systems, among 80,000 birds that were investigated. In layers, bacterial infections had dominated, whilst viral infections had been more prevalent in broilers. The most common bacterial diseases were salmonellosis and colibacillosis, and the most common viral infections that were identified included Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease. Protozoal infections were also low but significant (mostly coccidiosis). The incidences of disease were different according to breed and age, with salmonellosis among the older birds and Newcastle disease in the younger flocks. Risk factors included poor hygiene, insufficient vaccination, and poor biosecurity. Poor biosecurit…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Poultry Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease Prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Breed Susceptibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Biosecurity
  topic: keywords
creator: Roohi Kanwal
creator: Munazza Mukhtar
creator: Sidra Quraish
creator: Nimra Kanwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-14
publication date: 2026-01-14
starting page: 21
ending page: 32

Selenium-Facilitated Antioxidant System Response in Zea Mays Seedlings Under Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Stress
type: item
description: Selenium (Se) is a vital micronutrient that plays an important role in metabolic, cellular, and physiological activities. Its deficiency can hinder growth, immunity, fertility, and cellular structure. This study inspected the effect of selenium and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress on the Zea mays L. seed germination, growth, and antioxidative activity. Soil samples were collected produced significant selenite-resistant and auxin-producing strains. These isolates were further tested for selenite reduction, plant growth-promoting characteristics, and other biochemical properties. Optimal selenite reduction was achieved at pH 7 at a temperature of 37°C, and up to 1900 μg ml⁻¹ concentration. Responses to high selenite concentrations fluctuated from strain to strain, including variations in growth, auxin production, and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus thuringiensis. After six days of exposure to 20 mM H₂O₂, a considerable rise in root malondialdehyde content was seen, suggesting the presence of oxidative stress. Generally, selenium improved antioxidative defense mechanisms and tolerance to H₂O₂ stress. These findings deduce that PGPR inoculation significantly reduced H₂O₂ and MDA levels while enhancing POD activity and seedling growth under oxidative stress.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidative Defense
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacillus
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrogen Peroxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Seedling Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Selenium
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant-Microbe Interactions
  topic: keywords
subject: Zea Mays
  topic: keywords
creator: Afshan Shahzadi
creator: Alishba Sadia
creator: Ubaidullah
creator: Ayesha Siddiqa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 20

Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Potential of Salvodora Persica
type: item
description: Salvadora persica Miswak is a halophytic shrub renowned for its traditional medicinal uses, particularly in oral hygiene. This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of the ethanolic extract of the whole plant of S. persica. The extract was evaluated for its antibacterial and antifungal potential against a range of bacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and fungal strains using the disc and agar well diffusion methods, respectively. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA). The results exhibited significant, dose-dependent antimicrobial activity, with the extract showing greater efficacy against Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, with the inhibition zone of 31.0 mm at 300 mg mL-1 extract concentration. It also showed notable inhibition against several fungal pathogens with a maximum inhibition zone of 32 mm for Candida albicans and Trichophyton longifusus at 300 mg mL-1 concentration. Furthermore, the extract exhibited potent cytotoxicity in the BSLA, with a lethal concentration (LC₅₀) value of 10 µg mL-1, indicating the presence of bioactive compounds with toxic potential. The findings confirmed that S. persica possesses substantial antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, supporting its traditional use and suggesting its potential as a source for developing natural therapeutic agents.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antibacterial
  topic: keywords
subject: Antifungal
  topic: keywords
subject: Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethanolic Extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Salvadora Persica
  topic: keywords
creator: Hafiza Naila Khalid
creator: Anam Sajid
creator: Sumra Amanat
creator: Arfaa Sajid
creator: Ejaz Ahmad
creator: Ahsan Sharif
creator: Nayab Batool
creator: Qaisar Manzoor
creator: Arshad Javaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 648
ending page: 654

Studies on Digestive Anatomy and Digestibility Influenced by Cassia Fistula Powder in Gallus Domestics
type: item
description: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cassia fistula (CF) powder as a phytogenic feed additive on nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and liver histology in broiler chickens, with particular emphasis on the starter phase. A total of 80 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six experimental groups under a completely randomized design. Group G1 (commercial diet) and G2 (basal diet) served as control groups. Groups G3 and G4 received basal diets supplemented with CF powder at 250 mg/kg during the starter and finisher phases, respectively, while groups G5 and G6 received commercial diets supplemented with CF powder at the same dose during the starter and finisher phases, respectively. Parameters evaluated included nutrient digestibility (crude protein, fat, and metabolizable energy), relative organ weights, intestinal histomorphology, and liver histology. Dietary supplementation of CF powder, particularly in group G5, resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in crude protein, fat, and metabolizable energy utilization compared to control and other treated groups. Relative weights of digestive organs (proventriculus, liver, and gizzard) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among groups, indicating the absence of adverse effects. Intestinal histomorphology revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in villus height in CF-supplemented groups, suggesting enhanced absorptive capacity. Liver histological examination showed normal hepatic architecture across all treatment groups, with no evidence of pathological alterations, supporting the safety of CF supplementation at the tested dose. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of Cassia fistula powder at 250 mg/kg, particularly when supplemented during the starter phase with a commercial diet, improved nutrient utilization and intestinal morphology without inducing hepatic toxicity. These findings suggest that Cassia fistula has potential as a natural, safe phytogenic feed add…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cassia Fistula
  topic: keywords
subject: Digestive Anatomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Digestibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Gallus Domesticus
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarfraz Ali Depar
creator: Sumayya Farman Chandio
creator: Hina Ali Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Sumair Arain
creator: Mussawar Hussain
creator: Zainab Lanjar
creator: Ambreen Leghari
creator: Muhammad Bilawal Arain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 85
ending page: 93

Comparative Evaluation of Neem Leaf Extract and Powder as Natural Antibacterial Agents Against Staphylococcus Aureus
type: item
description: Azadirachta indica possess antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimalarial qualities due to a rich source of bioactive compounds. The study was conducted to find out the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts and powdered leaves of A. indica against Staphylococcus aureus. 25 g of finely ground powdered dried leaves was dissolved in 100 ml of methanol for an hour. To prepare the methanolic extract, 25 g of powdered leaf was mixed with methanol and allowed to stand for a week. Different concentrations of leaf extract and powder, ranging from 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 mg, were prepared after filtration and tested against cultured strains of bacteria, using both agars well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. The antibacterial evaluation was done by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones. According to statistical data, at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, the methanol neem powder showed the highest zone of inhibition (3.6 mm), while the lowest inhibition zone (0.7 mm) was recorded at 2 mg/mL. In comparison to the methanol extract, the powder shows greater effectiveness against S. aureus. At 2 mg/ml, methanol extract showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which is found to be 6.2 µg/ml, whereas the highest inhibitory value at 0.25 mg/mL was 0.6 µg/ml. Along with flavonoids and tannins, which enhance effectiveness by damaging bacterial cell walls, inhibiting enzymes, and generating oxidative stress, the strong antibacterial activity of neem is mainly attributed to its major bioactive compounds i.e Limonoids (azadirachtin, nimbin, nimbolide). For developing natural antibacterial drugs, Neem can be considered a very promising source due to its remarkable antibacterial potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Neem Plant
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial Activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Leaves Powdered
  topic: keywords
subject: Leaves Extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Infectious Disease
  topic: keywords
creator: Madieha Ambreen
creator: Kinza Gul
creator: Kanwal Tariq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 639
ending page: 647

Bioactive Properties and Nutritional Value of Camel Milk: An Updated Overview
type: item
description: Traditionally sipped in dry areas, camel milk has been of interest from all around the world because of its unusual nutritional makeup and possible therapeutic benefits. This paper provides an overview of the dietary components as well as the health advantages linked to consuming camel milk. Protein, vitamins (especially the B and C vitamins), minerals (calcium, potassium, and magnesium), and important fatty acids are all abundant in camel milk. Moreover, it has bioactive substances that support its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory qualities, including lysozyme, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulin. Research indicates that camel milk might provide medical benefits for many illnesses, such as autism spectrum disorder, diabetes, heart disease, and gastrointestinal issues. Additionally, camel milk has been investigated as a potential replacement for milk from cows in cases of lactose intolerance or allergy to milk proteins. To completely evaluate its therapeutic potential and understand the processes underlying its health advantages, more research is necessary. All things considered, camel milk shows potential as a functional food with a variety of nutritional and therapeutic qualities, offering hope for both therapeutic and preventive uses in human health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Camel Milk
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Content
  topic: keywords
subject: Biological Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Benefits
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Noor
creator: Muhammad Danish
creator: Muhammad Bilal Hussain
creator: Marwa Waheed
creator: Aliha Asif
creator: Zain ul Hassan
creator: Muhammad Ahmad Bakamal
creator: Umar Abdul Rehman
creator: Sadia Murtaza
creator: Muhammad Sagheer
creator: Sania Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 624
ending page: 638

Screening of Cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) Through Pathological, Morphological and Fiber Quality Parameters
type: item
description: This study was conducted to evaluate genetic variability in diverse cotton genotypes under disease stress conditions, to find correlation between pathological, morphological and fiber quality parameters, and to identify potential sources of resistance and yield stability. A comprehensive analysis of genotypes for said characters revealed significant to highly significant differences across genotypes, indicating ample genetic diversity for selection. Highly significant MSS values were observed for DI (1650.4**) and DSI (1280.55**), reflecting pronounced variability in disease reaction and confirming the presence of both resistant and susceptible genotypes. Yield-related traits, including SCY (1200.65**) and LY (980.35*), also showed significant variation, demonstrating the influence of disease stress on productivity. Strong positive correlations were recorded among LY, SCY, GOT, and STR, suggesting that these yield and fiber traits are interdependent and can be jointly improved through selection. Conversely, negative correlations between disease indices (DI, DSI) and yield parameters emphasize the yield-reducing effect of disease infection. Fiber-related attributes such as FL, STR, and UI exhibited moderate to high positive associations, supporting their stability as selection criteria for quality improvement. The findings suggested that genotypes combining low DSI with high SCY, LY, and GOT are valuable candidates for developing resistant and high-yielding cultivars. Overall, the study highlighted the genetic potential within the evaluated germplasm and provides a foundation for future breeding strategies targeting disease resilience and enhanced fiber productivity in cotton.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cotton
  topic: keywords
subject: White Fly
  topic: keywords
subject: CLCuV
  topic: keywords
subject: Fiber Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Umar Farhan
creator: Yasar Saleem Ahmad Khan
creator: Irshad Ahmad Baba
creator: Muhammad Jawwad Yousaf
creator: Imran Nadeem
creator: Qamar Ansar Tufail
creator: Khunsa Khakwani
creator: Sufian Muneer
creator: Muhammad Rayan Ashraf
creator: Nidal Ahmed
creator: Junaid Iqbal
creator: Muhammad Faheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 595
ending page: 607

Nutritional and Pharmacological Properties of Papaya Peel: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Food waste is a significant problem with ecological, ethical, societal, and economic implications. The global papaya market is likely to grow significantly between 2022 and 2027, leading to an increase in organic and discarded leftovers like peels and seeds. Papaya is a profitable and nutritious fruit that is gaining acceptance in Pakistan. Papaya fruit pulp and its other parts, including leaves, peels, roots, and seeds, have nourishing and medicinal significance. The pulp of papaya fruit contains an abundance of vitamins and minerals, while many valuable bioactive compounds are available in fruit peels and seeds. These bioactive components have a vital role in pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer activity, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, and many more, which are due to the presence of some phytochemicals, including phenolic, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Additionally, the nutritive profile of papaya peel is under development because of its potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review paper targets to highlight the nutritional and pharmacological properties of papaya peel, with an emphasis on promoting sustainable waste management in practical applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Papaya Peel
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutritional Value
  topic: keywords
subject: Value-Added Products
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacological Characteristics
  topic: keywords
creator: Adeel Yousaf
creator: Marwa Waheed
creator: Muhammad Bilal Hussain
creator: Sawera Asif
creator: Nabeel Haris
creator: Hafsa Muniba
creator: Muhammad Sagheer
creator: Muhammad Abu Bakar Iftikhar
creator: Areeha Zulfiqar
creator: Misbah Asim
creator: Imama Zainab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
starting page: 608
ending page: 623

Nutritional, Therapeutic and Food Industrial Aspects of Fennel Seeds (Foeniculum vulgare): A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), a perennial aromatic herb belonging to the family Apiaceae, has been valued since ancient times for its medicinal, nutritional, and culinary properties. Originating from the Mediterranean region, fennel is now cultivated globally, particularly in India, Egypt, and Italy. It is rich in essential nutrients such as potassium, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and dietary fiber, which contribute to digestive health, metabolic balance, and cardiovascular support. Phytochemically, fennel seeds contain volatile compounds like anethole, fenchone, and estragole, along with phenolic acids and flavonoids, including quercetin and rosmarinic acid, that exhibit strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These bioactive constituents are responsible for fennel’s diverse therapeutic benefits, such as relieving gastrointestinal disorders, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating hormonal balance. Moreover, fennel has shown potential anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anticancer effects in various experimental studies. In traditional medicine, it is widely used to promote lactation, alleviate menstrual discomfort, and enhance memory. In the food industry, fennel seeds and their essential oils serve as natural flavoring agents in bakery items, confectionery, beverages, and spice blends. Additionally, fennel demonstrates environmental significance through its insecticidal and larvicidal activities, offering eco-friendly pest control alternatives. Due to its broad pharmacological and industrial applications, fennel remains a promising plant resource for functional foods, natural therapeutics, and agro-based innovations. Updates on F. vulgare, including its nutritional composition, traditional system use, pharmacological attributes, and significant potential as laborious cooking ingredients, were compiled in this chapter.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fennel Seeds
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacological Aspects
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Applications
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadia Murtaza
creator: Marwa Waheed
creator: Muhammad Bilal Hussain
creator: Maryam Fatima
creator: Mariam Islam
creator: Noor Fatima
creator: Laraib Tariq
creator: Ayesha
creator: Hafiza Rabail Shahzad
creator: Maryam Mehmood
creator: Shamseela Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-11-16
publication date: 2025-11-16
starting page: 587
ending page: 607

Design and Fabrication of an Automated Mini Portable Sprinkler System
type: item
description: This research addresses critical limitations in Pakistan's agricultural sector, where irrigation is essential to sustain productivity for major crops like wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and rice. Current irrigation systems are often inefficient, lack automation, fail to accurately gauge adequate water application, and require significant user input, manual operation, and technical expertise. To overcome these challenges, a novel automated and portable pivotal sprinkler irrigation system is presented. The system's core is controlled by an Arduino Nano microcontroller, enabling fully automated operation. A key feature is the integration of a Bluetooth module, allowing a user to wirelessly control the system's movement right, left, forward, and backward-via a mobile device, effectively eliminating the need for complex, manual water supply connections. The water application depth is made adjustable through interchangeable sprinkler nozzles. Designed to be portable and easily managed, the framework features a fixed central point and a long rotating arm that pivots with the assistance of a sham wheel. This work successfully develops a compact and automated center-pivot system, proving the concept using Arduino Nano. Beyond new installations, the customizable design of this automated system offers a viable solution to upgrade and retrofit existing spraying, drip, and traditional sprinkler irrigation machinery, enhancing efficiency and resolving existing operational constraints across diverse field environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sprinkler System
  topic: keywords
subject: Ardino Nano
  topic: keywords
subject: Variation in Discharge
  topic: keywords
subject: Area to be Covered by Nozzles
  topic: keywords
subject: Application Rate
  topic: keywords
subject: Gross Application Depth
  topic: keywords
creator: Aqib Ali
creator: Mashooque Ali Talpur
creator: Zaheer Ahmed Khan
creator: Irfan Hussain Bhutto
creator: Mian Noor Hussain Asghar Ali
creator: Mir Muhammad Khan Talpur
creator: Tasbeeha
creator: Abdul Khalique Jatoi
creator: Jazib Hussain Jakhrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 574
ending page: 586

Synthesis and Evaluation of Organo-Mineral Phosphatic Fertilizers from the Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Wastes to Improve the Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum)
type: item
description: The conversion of animal waste and agricultural by-products into organ mineral fertilizers is the best way to manage animal waste and use them as soil amendments to improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability. Animal waste can cause serious environmental consequences if not managed properly. This study was planned to convert animal waste into valuable and nutritional fertilizer for plants. We used cow dung, poultry manure, and different ratios of elemental sulfur and humic acid for the preparation of Organo-mineral Phosphatic fertilizer (OMPF). Di-ammonium phosphate was also used as a mineral source of Phosphorus (P). A total of six treatments (4 of OMPF with 5% humic acid, 5% elemental sulfur, 2.5% humic acid with 2.5% elemental sulfur, and only OMPF, 1 of DAP, and 1 as a control with no P) were evaluated under a pot trial using Bell pepper (Capsicum Annuum) as a test crop. Treatments were applied according to a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications, and achieved 20% higher PUE as compared to DAP. It is concluded that application of P as OMPF can significantly enhance shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and chlorophyll content with 45 %, 52.6%, and 21%, respectively. And OMPF performs more significantly than the control treatment and positively effect on plant nutrients availability. However, more field studies are needed for broader applications of this technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organo-Mineral Phosphatic Fertilizer
  topic: keywords
subject: Animal Manure
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus Use Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus Uptake
  topic: keywords
creator: Fizza Batool
creator: Shakeel Ahmad
creator: Umair Riaz
creator: Muqarrab Ali
creator: Attiya Muneer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 xdgen
date: 2026-01-16
publication date: 2026-01-16
starting page: 43
ending page: 50

Response of Turnip to Sowing Dates and Phosphorus Levels
type: item
description: The present experiment entitled “Response of turnip to sowing dates and phosphorus levels” was conducted during (2020-2021) at the Horticulture Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design with a split-plot arrangement having three replications. Different sowing date’s i.e., (1st, 15th, 30th October), were taken in the main plot while phosphorus levels, i.e., (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1), were taken in the sub plot. The data was observed on days to emergence, number of leaves, leaves weight, root length, root weight, root diameter, yield plot-1, and yield (tons ha-1). Sowing dates and phosphorus levels have significantly affected all the studied parameters. Maximum number of leaves plant-1 (13), leaves weight (172.8 g), root length (12.8 cm), root weight (206.1 g), root diameters (8.9 cm), yield plot-1 (9.4 kg), and yield (20.1 tons ha-1) with minimum days to emergence (4) were recorded in plants sown on 1st October. Highest number of leaves (14), leaves weight (177.9 g), root length (14 cm), root weight (213.6 g), root diameters (9.4 cm), highest yield plot-1 (10.1 kg) and yield (21.8 tons ha-1) with minimum days to emergence (5) were recorded in plants treated with phosphorus at 100 kg ha-1. The interaction between sowing dates and phosphorus levels was found to be non-significant. It is concluded that seed sown on (1st October) and phosphorus levels (100 kg ha-1) have significantly improved the growth and yield parameters of turnip and hence are recommended for turnip growers in Peshawar.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Turnip (Brassica Rapa L.)
  topic: keywords
subject: Sowing Dates
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus Levels
  topic: keywords
subject: Root Length
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Asghar
creator: Basit Ullah
creator: Gohar Ayub
creator: Alveena Izhar
creator: Siddique Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 557
ending page: 573

Effect of Different Methods of Phosphorus Application on Growth and Agronomic Traits of Wheat Under Arid and Semi- Arid Conditions of Bannu Division
type: item
description: The effect of different methods of Phosphorus application was tested on wheat for two seasons, Rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Agricultural Research Station Serai Naurang (Bannu) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Five methods of application such as application by broadcast method (MP1), application through mixing with seed at the time of sowing (MP2), placing by drill below the seed at the time of sowing (MP3), placing by drill on one side of the row of crop (MP4) and placing by drill with both sides of the row of the crop (MP5) were tested. Variety Khaista-2017 was used during this investigation. The study was focused on growth traits and yield parameters. The highest significant grain yield (6864 kg ha-1), biological yield (17990 kg ha-1), 1000 grain weight (50 grams), grain per spike (66), tillers m-2 (441), spike m-2 (449), plant height (100.15 cm) and harvest index (38.58 %) were noted when Phosphorus was placed by drill on both sides of the crop row. The 2nd most encouraging results were recorded for the method of placing by drill on one side of crop row. This research will help to solve food security problem. Findings of this research will also assist farming community to use suitable method of Phosphorus application and update their production technology. Moreover, by applying results of this research, plant breeders will evolve and develop genotypes of wheat with great potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Application Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphoric Fertilizer
  topic: keywords
subject: Wheat Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Quddoos
creator: Khalid Mahmood
creator: Muhammad Ali
creator: Muhammad Farooq
creator: Waqar Ahmad
creator: Alamgir Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
starting page: 550
ending page: 556

Effect of Various Post-Harvest Techniques on Banana (Musa spp.) Cultivar Quality
type: item
description: A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four different post-harvest treatments (T0 (Control), T₁: Fruit kept in perforated polyethylene bag, T2: Fruits kept in colour polythene bag, and T3: Fruits treated with aloe-vera gel assisted with gibberellic acid (GA3) on the quality attributes and shelf life of two economically important banana cultivars, G-9 (V1) and Bombay (V2), over a 24-day storage period. The study showed that post-harvest treatments had not worked the same way for both cultivars. Each variety responded differently, with a clear trade-off between keeping the fruit firm and slowing down the biochemical changes tied to ripening. T3 stood out for reducing weight loss in both varieties, resulting in a weight reduction of approximately 10.5%. That showed strong peel protection against water loss. However, once you look at ripening, the situation changes: in V1, T3 showed increased sugar levels rapidly, giving the highest sugar and TSS values, while in V2 showed lower sugar development. By contrast, T2 slowed ripening visually in V1 and kept TSS values in a better range for V2. However, the shelf-life assessment revealed a critical limitation: while V1 maintained a 12-day shelf life across all treatments, the V2 (Bombay) variety proved highly sensitive to T1 and T2, which unexpectedly reduced its marketed shelf life to only 9 days. This result highlights the challenges of applying uniform treatments across varieties. The varying results highlight the challenge of applying a single technique to all varieties: T3 is the most effective at delaying weight loss; however, its inconsistent effects on sugar development indicate the necessity of treatment plans specific to each variety, striking the correct balance between reducing transpiration and directing ripening.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Postharvest
  topic: keywords
subject: Edible Coating
  topic: keywords
subject: Shelf-Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Polyethene Packing
  topic: keywords
subject: Banana Varieties
  topic: keywords
subject: Aloe-Vera Gel
  topic: keywords
subject: Gibberellic Acid
  topic: keywords
creator: Wajid Hussain Soomro
creator: Manzoor Ali Magsi
creator: Shakeel Hussain Chattah
creator: Mashooque Ali Talpur
creator: Ain-ul-Abad Syed
creator: Zaheer Ahmed Khan
creator: Naseer Ahmed Abbasi
creator: Mian Noor Hussain Asghar Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 518
ending page: 530

Enhancing Maize Performance Through Integrated Nutrient Management
type: item
description: A study entitled “Enhancing Maize Performance through Integrated Nutrient Management” was conducted at NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan, during 2023-24. The experiment was arranged in an RCB design with factorial arrangement. Two maize hybrids, i-e Pioneer-30k08Y and Pioneer-3025W and ten treatments i-e T0= control, T1= Compost, T2= Farm Yard Manure, T3= Poultry Manure (PM), T4= Biochar, T5= Bio Fertilizer, T6= NPK, T7= Foliar application of Moringa leaf extract, T8= Salicylic Acid, T9= IAA (Indole Acetic Acid), T10= IBA (Indole Butric Acid) were studied. Data on leaf area (cm2), Plant height (cm), Chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, relative water content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, Photosynthetic rate, Cob length (cm), grains cob-1,1000-seed weight (g), biological and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured. Performance of maize hybrid Pioneer-30k08Y showed promising results regarding growth and yield. Application of farmyard manure also showed maximum results and improved growth and yield of maize hybrids. As this study was only conducted using maize hybrids, it is advisable to experiment with various varieties of maize along with fertilizer combinations to check their synergistic effects for more reliable and acceptable recommendations in the future.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Farmyard Manure
  topic: keywords
subject: NPK
  topic: keywords
subject: Poultry Manure
  topic: keywords
subject: Compost
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Noor
creator: Malik Faizan Shaukat
creator: Muhammad Danish
creator: Abid Mehmood
creator: Tanzeela Shahzadi
creator: Azha Fatima
creator: Sammar Shafique
creator: Aliha Asif
creator: Shahariyar Tahir
creator: Muhammad Bilal Hussain
creator: Hajra Zeb
creator: Marwa Waheed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
starting page: 499
ending page: 517

Evaluating the Molecular Analysis of Rice Plant Response to Rice Blast Disease: Genetic and Hormonal Regulation
type: item
description: The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has been the major disease affecting the production of rice in most parts of the world resulting in heavy loss in yield. Although various studies have concentrated on resistance to disease, there do not exist adequate studies on the mechanisms involved in the defense response of rice, at the molecular level. This research project will help to solve this gap, since the genetic and hormonal regulatory processes of rice plant resistance toward rice blast will be investigated. Mainly it is aimed at assessing the flight, to what extent defense response genes and hormonal signaling (salicylic acid [SA], jasmonic acid [JA], and ethylene) in rice are involved in immune response. The experiment involved three different genotypes exhibiting different degrees of resistance and all the parameters such as growth, disease intensity, gene expression and levels of hormones were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation. ANOVA was used to analyze data and p < 0.05 was regarded as having significant results. Among the key findings, it was indicated that Genotype 3 had a greater resistance, whereby disease severity was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001), gene expression of all three pathways significantly increased (SA: F = 225.52, p < 0.0001; JA: F = 206.60, p < 0.0001; ethylene: F = 416.86, p < 0.0001) and concentrations of SA (32.77 Such findings highlight the significance of genetic and hormonal aspects of rice blast resistance since Genotype 3 possesses the prospect of developing more robust rice species. The study provides useful information on the molecular mechanism of resistance that presents hopeful measures of controlling rice blast diseases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rice Blast
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnaporthe Oryzae
  topic: keywords
subject: Gene Expression
  topic: keywords
subject: Hormonal Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease Resistance
  topic: keywords
creator: Syed Shah Jalal Bukhari
creator: Fazeela Nawaz
creator: Arifa Haleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-28
publication date: 2025-08-28
starting page: 452
ending page: 469

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality Using WQI: A Case Study of Filtration Plants in TandoJam, Pakistan
type: item
description: Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right, yet it is increasingly at risk due to population growth and human activities—particularly in developing countries where monitoring and maintenance are often inadequate. This study evaluated the water quality of filtration plants in TandoJam city by analyzing 17 samples for parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, hardness, turbidity, potassium (K⁺) , sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), bicarbonates (HCO₃⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), sulphates (SO₄²-), nitrates (NO₃⁻), fluoride, arsenic, iron, chlorine, alkalinity, total coliforms, and E. coli. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to classify the water as excellent, good, poor, very poor, or unsuitable. Results showed that HCO₃⁻ (2 samples), Cl⁻ (1), SO₄²⁻ (1), alkalinity (4), total coliforms (17), and E. coli (17) exceeded WHO limits. WQI values ranged from 0.21 to 34.52, indicating overall excellent to good quality and suggesting the water is generally safe for drinking. However, effective treatment—including proper screening, chlorination, and regular monitoring—is essential to ensure water safety.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drinking Water Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Water Quality Index (WQI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Physico-Chemical Parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbiological Contamination
  topic: keywords
creator: Faisal Mehmood
creator: Abdul Sattar Mashori
creator: Barkat Ali Nindwani
creator: Ghulam Hussain Awan
creator: Nadir Ali Rajput
creator: Ghulam Mustafa Jafferi
creator: Uzair Saeed Rana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-23
publication date: 2025-08-23
starting page: 428
ending page: 440

Exploring the Nature-based Solution (NbS) to Flood Risk Reduction in the Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: The history of floods in the province of Punjab is as old as the evolution of early human settlement in this “land of five rivers” named Harappa some five thousand years ago. The annual wet Monsoon brings rain, with changing climatic patterns. Similarly, the occurrence of floods in many parts of Pakistan has also shown a changing trend that has never been experienced before. This study aims to predict the area in Punjab. The study shows that 40.17% and 36.06 % population of Dera Ghazi Khan and Faisalabad divisions are at risk due to floods. District level Muzaffargarh 3318.4 square kilometers, Rajanpur 2293.93square kilometers (D.G Khan), and Jhang with 2170.63square kilometers (Faisalabad) are flood-prone areas in the Punjab. In recent years, the researcher’s interest has increased in identifying and understanding the role of nature-based solutions (NbS) in reducing flood risk as well as their duration, magnitude, and frequency. In other words, NbS primarily aimed to reduce flood hazards by using indigenous knowledge of the local population, altering and managing land use, reservoir maintenance, and river channels. Further to this, the potential use of NbS can improve integrated water management, lessen the risk of floods and improve environmental governance in the region. The findings propose how to move forward with the influence of NbS for sustainable flood management strategies, which ultimately improve the well-being of millions of people living in flood-prone regions. This will also help formulate policies, and findings can be generalized for other similar parts of South Asia as well as other parts of the world.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Flood Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
subject: NbS
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Flood-Prone Regions
  topic: keywords
creator: Khadija Shakrullah
creator: Kashif Mahmood
creator: Safdar Ali Shirazi
creator: Saif Ullah Khan
creator: Sania Meraj Din
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 415
ending page: 427

Genetics of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus in Relation to Morphological Markers in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
type: item
description: Cotton is an important fiber crop, but its production is adversely affected by different biotic stresses, especially Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) stress. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic variability and inter-relationship among the morphological, yield-related, and disease-specific traits of eight cotton genotypes under CLCuV infection. The experiment was conducted under screen house conditions in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times. Ten traits, including plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf curling score, sympodial branches, number of bolls, boll weight, root length, biomass, and disease severity index (DSI), were assessed. Results: Genetic variation was detected for all traits among genotypes. The superior performance of genotypes 1, 2, and 3 was confirmed by the higher values of plant height (98–105 cm), leaf area (179–185 cm²), boll number (23–25), and lower DSI (12–15 %), expressing better resistance against CLCuV. In comparison, reduced growth, bolls, biomass, and higher DSI (55–60%), the genotypes 7 and 8 indicated high susceptibility. Correlation analysis revealed negative significant correlations of DSI and leaf curling score with boll number, biomass, and boll weight, along with positive correlations among growth and yield traits. These results are useful for the strategic selection of genotypes with combined morphological and resistance attributes. Genotypes having low DSI and stable yield components could be proven as important genetic resources in the breeding efforts for the improvement of CLCuV-tolerant cotton varieties.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: CLCuV
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotton
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic
  topic: keywords
subject: Morphological Parameters
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Dilshad
creator: Muhammad Nabeel Aslam
creator: Khunsa Khakwani
creator: Azher Mustafa
creator: Muhamamd Atif Shabir
creator: Muhammad Akil Fareed
creator: Muhamamd Jawwad Yousaf
creator: Saba Saeed
creator: Saima Naseer
creator: Ayesha Batool
creator: Arbaz Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-09-10
publication date: 2025-09-10
starting page: 490
ending page: 498

Optimizing Irrigation Strategies for Wheat in Sindh: Balancing Yield, Water Use Efficiency, and Water Footprint
type: item
description: Water scarcity jeopardizes food production in arid and semi-arid regions, making efficient irrigation crucial to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and sustain crop yields. Thus, a study was conducted to measure the impact of three furrow irrigation methods (FIM) [conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI)] combined with three different irrigation levels (IL) (100%; 80%, and 60% crop water requirement) on crop growth, yield attributes, grain yield, biomass, WUE, and blue water footprint of wheat crop during the Rabi season 2022-2023 in Tandojam, Hyderabad. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results illustrated that FIMs and ILs had a substantial (P < 0.05) effect on the crop growth, yield attributes, grain yield, and biomass, while their interaction had no substantial effect (P > 0.05). Compared with AFI and FFI, CFI had substantially higher grain yield (11.1-15.3%) and biomass (5.0-12.3%), lower WUE (1.23-31.86%), and higher blue water footprint (41.7-46.7%). Whereas AFI compared with CFI saved water by 39.13%, improved WUE by 31.86%, and lowered blue water footprint by 29.86%, with a moderate yield decrease (13.22%) at 80% crop water requirement. Therefore, AFI combined with an 80% crop water requirement is recommended as an efficient irrigation strategy for wheat in water-scarce areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Furrow Irrigation Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Irrigation Levels
  topic: keywords
subject: Water Use Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Water Footprint
  topic: keywords
subject: Wheat Yield
  topic: keywords
creator: Faisal Mehmood
creator: Ghulam Murtaza Jafferi
creator: Shoukat Ali Soomro
creator: Shakeel Ahmed Soomro
creator: Abdul Sattar Mashori
creator: Abdul Saboor Soomro
creator: Ghulam Hussain Awan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 389
ending page: 414

Influence of Fruit Maturation on Phenolic Composition and Antibacterial Efficacy of Citrus Sinensis Peels
type: item
description: The peel of Citrus sinensis was investigated as a potential source for the development of new antibacterial agents, addressing the growing global health concern posed by bacterial infections—a leading cause of mortality worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fruit maturation on the total phenolic content and antibacterial potential of C. sinensis peel. Phenolic compounds, known for their antimicrobial properties, were the focus of this investigation. The peels of the selected plant were shade-dried for one week, ground into a fine powder, and subjected to both methanolic and aqueous extraction. Standard protocols were followed to carry out qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic content. The antibacterial activity of the extracts against Escherichia coli was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis. Among all samples, the third-week matured peels yielded the highest phenolic content (0.093 ± 0.08), while the first-week samples recorded the lowest (0.044 ± 0.02). The methanolic extract at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL showed the largest zone of inhibition, whereas the aqueous extract at 1.0 mg/mL showed the smallest. Notably, the methanolic extract from the third-week peel exhibited the highest MIC values, achieving 80–100% inhibition of E. coli and significantly outperforming its aqueous counterpart. These results underscore the strong antibacterial potential of phenolic compounds in Citrus sinensis peel, particularly at the third week of maturation. The results support the use of plant-derived phenolics in the formulation of safe, effective, and natural antibacterial agents, potentially offering a valuable alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer adverse effects on human health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phenolic Content
  topic: keywords
subject: Maturation Effect
  topic: keywords
subject: Peels
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial Activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Madieha Ambreen
creator: Nida Mushtaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 441
ending page: 451

Effect of Different Design Parameters of Furrow on Irrigation Efficiencies
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different furrow design parameters on irrigation efficiencies to develop optimized guidelines for sustainable water management in agriculture. The present study was conducted to study the effect of different furrow irrigation designs on irrigation efficiencies and growth parameters of the okra crop. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Department of Land and Water Management, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. There were four treatments and three replications. Bed widths were considered as treatments; T1 =0 .5m, T2 =0.6m, T3 =0.7m and T4 =0.8 m. The furrow length was kept at 30 m in each treatment. The height of each ridge was set to 0.5 m, and the overall plot area was 399 m2. Soil samples were collected at the soil depths of 0–10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40–50 cm from the field pre- and post-experiment, to determine density, texture, and soil moisture content. The soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Land and Water Management. The field trial was continued for 28 days with an irrigation interval of 7 days. After 24 hours of water application, the data was collected. The trend of the wetting pattern of the moisture was the same under T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The maximum moisture content was found at the head of the furrow. The moisture content decreased at the lower side due to the slope of the soil. In this study, the application efficiency is good to better under all the treatments of furrow design. The application efficiency, storage efficiency, and distribution uniformity increased was good under T4 as the width of the furrow increased, but these decreased as the length of the furrow increased. The yield of the crop increased under T3 and T4 as compared with T1 (control). On the basis of the study, it is recommended that T4 be adopted for cultivation okra crop, because application efficiency, storag…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Furrow
  topic: keywords
subject: Irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficiencies
  topic: keywords
subject: Design Parameters
  topic: keywords
creator: Shoukat Ali Soomro
creator: Allah Ditto Lund
creator: Mumtaz Ali Gadehi
creator: Hamz Ali Samoon
creator: Behari Lal Meghwar
creator: Abdul Ahad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 xdgen
date: 2025-08-07
publication date: 2025-08-07
starting page: 367
ending page: 377

Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) are nutrient-dense and highly adaptable oilseeds valued for their rich content of essential nutrients, including proteins, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals. They are particularly renowned for their abundance of antioxidants such as sesamin and sesamolin, which offer numerous health benefits. Sesame seeds are also excellent sources of minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. In addition, they contain important fatty acids, notably linoleic acid and oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), along with palmitic acid. They are a useful supplement to plant-based diets because of their high protein level, particularly in defatted sesame flour. Sesame seeds have demonstrated promise in treating chest pain, oxidative stress reduction, and Enhancement of blood lipid profiles, along with effects that combat diabetes, inflammation, and cancer. Their bioactive components have been investigated for their potential to promote skin health, increase liver function, and modify cholesterol levels. Sesame lignans' antioxidant qualities further support the seed's capacity to prevent chronic illnesses and enhance general health. Sesame seeds, both whole and processed, are utilized extensively in food applications. They are frequently added as a garnish to baked goods, as well as in making tahini, sesame oil, and snacks made with sesame. They are appropriate for the creation of functional and fortified foods because of their high nutritional value and practical benefits, to improve human health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bioactive Compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Foods
  topic: keywords
subject: Sesame Oil
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Ahmad Bakamal
creator: Natasha Idrees
creator: Marwa Waheed
creator: Muhammad Bilal Hussain
creator: Maria Noor
creator: Maryam Fatima
creator: Muhammad Danish
creator: Fatima Waheed
creator: Muhammad Arham Rauf
creator: Maham Fatima
creator: Abid Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
starting page: 347
ending page: 366

Fungal Flora Associated with Capsicum Annum and Their Impact on Plant Vigor
type: item
description: Chilli is among the world’s most popular vegetables, belonging to the family Solanaceae. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that are found almost everywhere and are associated with plants and the rhizosphere. Some fungal flora associated with Capsicum annuum affect the plant's health, whereas others do not cause any visible symptoms. In this research, fungal flora was isolated from various parts of Capsicum annuum plants, including the stem, root, fruit, leaves, and soil. Furthermore, morphological characterization was performed to confirm the fungal species associated with Capsicum annum. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus paraciticus, Colletotrichum sp, and Alternaria alternata were isolated and characterized in this study. However, the density of the fungal flora varied across different parts of the chilli plants and in the rhizospheric soil. Furthermore, the impact of the phyllosphere microbial populations on plant health, specifically chlorophyll content, was assessed under sterilized conditions. It was observed that total chlorophyll content was higher in the presence of a microbial community as compared to its absence. The presence of these fungi collectively affected the chlorophyll contents and showed a direct proportional relationship with fungal flora.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fungal Characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: Chlorophyll Contents
  topic: keywords
subject: Frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: Endophytic Fungi
  topic: keywords
subject: Capsicum Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Leaf Microbial Community (LMC)
  topic: keywords
creator: Umara Mushtaq Umara
creator: Waheed Anwar Anwar
creator: Beenish Rasheed Rasheed
creator: Karamat Ali Zohaib Zohaib
creator: Adnan Akhter Akhter
creator: Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan Khan
creator: Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddique Siddique
creator: Shafiq ur Rehman Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 xdgen
date: 2025-08-14
publication date: 2025-08-14
starting page: 378
ending page: 388